Zolai geldan leh Zahdan

Zou Vontawite

Laigeldan leh Hamzahdan Etthana

Khai Minthang

Part One

Thupatna: Ham khat phot in agindan (tone), alawdan (syllable), lomkawmdan (grouping) leh aginlawmdan (harmony) anei chiet hi. Leitung pumpia kithei pen leh a minthang pen English in zong tone, syllable, grouping leh harmony anei hi. Tualeh, vocabulary thu ah zong English in thumal kibang tampi anei a, azahna leh ahina tawh a kigeldan a thei mai diing pawl zong aum hi. English vocabulary ah “Box” kichi pen Noun ah “Singkuong” ahia, verb ah “Tum/Shuthop” china ahi hi. Tuamabang in, eite’n zong thumal khat in agen tampi nei aum hi chi thei lei ahoi diing hi. A thumal geldan isiem leh theithei pai zong aum a, a thumal a ki-theiloute khu a thuguol tawh i et a thei thei diing pawl zong aum hi. Tuazieh-in, thumal kang tahlat zousie a ki-tuohpi (Corresponding) English thumal khat tawh hilchien diing hiing kithawi kahisih a, a tone leh thumal lomkhawmdan ah themkhat ka ngaidan hing kum vang chia hing kithawi kahizaw hi.

Zoham pen iham chieng un a kichien vagua a, igel thaw chieng un khatvei teng abuoi thei valuoi hi. I gel chieng a i buoina pen “Vowel” sung maimai ahi hi. Vowel kichi pen koipou buoina ahimai diing in gingta ing. Tammi Vowel a laimal zousie hoitah a Zoham tawh kituoh a iginsah thei chieng un Zoham geldan ang nuomta diing a, sim zong ang simnop ma mata diing hi.

Zolai Vowel Chinglou in Consonant Vaal: I ham pen ipien apat ina zah ahita a, I laigeldan pen khatvei langa hing um ahi nabou hi. Kum 1910 lai in pu Rev. Dr. J.C. Cope in Zolai ang na bawlsah a, eiham zahdan tahtah theilou ahimanin English tawh kituoh in vowel “a, aw, e, i, o, u” chi’n ang na bawlsah hi. Hilezong Zolai igel chiengin vowel guh maimai kizang lou in “a, aa, e, ei, i, ii, aw, o, ou, u, uu” chi’n vowel sawmlekhat a kizang den hi. Tuabanah consonant ni kigawm “Ch” leh “Ng” zong Zolai gelna a kizang gige khat ahi hi.

Zolai a vowel a chinlou ziehin laigelmi tampite’n vowel gindan tuomtuom adeina ziehun a tungtat, a nuoitat, a laitat, a ningtat, a suhtat, a toutat a zang ua, Zolai gel hamsa asuohlaw a, asim zong anuomtuom sih hi. Special character ihing zah chiengun computer leh press te ah gel hamsa asuohlaw a, zong buoilouna diinga buoina kipetawm ibang uhi. Tami ka chi chiengin a grammar lampang ka genna ahi zenzen sih hi. Vowel a buoi sangin grammar hoitah a zui in punctuation mark-te hoitah in zanglei Zolai asim nopzaw diinga, zong adihzaw ahipai lel hi. Zolai grammar leh syntax vai thupi tuomin genzaw vai.

Vowel I kisap mama vang un consonant kisam talawlou inei uhi. Tuate ahileh “J leh Z” “S leh C” “K leh C” “Y leh I” “X leh S” “Q leh K” “P leh F” chidante ahi hi. Tamteng pen Zolai gel chiengin style deina tawh igel pawl zengzung ua, Zolai namanlou isuo zel uhi. Etsn. Xien khu Sien dinmun ah ikoi ua, Qhul khu Khul dinmun ah ikoi ua, Lyan khu Lian dinmun ah ikoi ua, Wai khu Uoi or Uai dinmun ah ikoi ua, Jawng khu Zawng dinmun ah ikoi uhi. Semi-vowel “w” leh “y” khu ei Zolai ah vowel u leh i tawh kibang ahilel hi.

Zolai pen Roman laimal apat kiletkhie ahiziehin “a, aw, b, ch, d, e…” chi’a isim dana kizang ahia, English te laimal “a, b, c, …” dana isim dana kizang ahisih hi. Tuaziehin, English te’n I laimal asim chiengun “Nang” khu “Neng” “Hang” khu “Heng” danin asim ua, adih tuon sih hi. Tampen English leh Roman script lawdan (Pronunciation) kibahlou zieh ahi hi. Roman script laimal bulphu a laiteng nei zousie’n Zolai dihtah in asim thei ua, English laimal bulphu a laiteng nei zousie’n Zolai dihtah in asim theisih uhi.

Buoina tawh Kidim “C” Laimal: Kawlgam Zou vontawite’n laimal buoina tawh kidim “C” pen India Zou vontawite leh leitung bupi’n azah “Ch” dinmun ah izang ua, adih zou tahtah sih hi. English leh Espanol laimal ah “C” pen abana vowel um penpen tawh kituoh in a gingsah uhi. “C” khu “a, o leh u” in azui leh “K” danin agingsah ua, “C” khu “e, i leh y” in azui leh “S” danin a gingsah uhi. Etsn. “Cisco” khu “Sisko” in a gingsah ua, “Cingco” khu “Singko” danin a gingsah uhi. “C” laimal “K” a gingte themkhat envai: Cambodia, Camel, Canada, California, Calcutta, Chicago, Congo, etc. Tualeh, “C” laimal “S” a gingte zong themkhat en kia vai: Cisco, Celebrity, Citizen, City, Center, Cyprus, etc.

Zolai igelna a “C” pen “Ch” gindan a I ginsah leh mite’n I lai a sim dih theisih diing ua, eite’n zong mite laigel asim dih sih diing uhi. “Ch” khu leitung pumpia kizang leh kithei laimal ahi hi. Etsn. Chiangmai khu Zou Vontawi “C” zangte a diingin “Ciangmai” chi’n giel lei mite’n “Siangmai” chi’n ang kisimsah diing hi. “Chicago” ah “C” leh “Ch” kilamdanna thei thei ahimai hi. Chicago, Manchester, Chestnut, Chest, Champion, Charlotte, Challenge, etc. Tamna laimal “Ch” zousie “C” tawh heng in sim lei a gindan dihtah aging thei nawn mawngmawng sih hi. Cicago, Mancester, Cesnut, Cest, Campion, Carlotte, Callenge, etc. chite’n khietna aneisih ua, agindan zong adih thei nawnsih hi. Burmese thumal “Kyaw” khu “Cho” chi’a aginsah utawh kibang ahimai hi. Tokyo khu “Tou+Chou” chi’a ging diingdan ahi hi. Tuaziehin “C” zang a “Ch” a gingsah teiteite khu ama leh ama kisol asuoh hi.

Tuamabangin, “C” pen “Ch” dinmun a zang in “Cingno” chilei mite’n “Singnaw” chi’n ang simsah diing uhi. Cina, ciindan, cidamna, cithu, Bicing, ci-al, ciau, cieng, etc. Tamte pen “C” pen “S” gin a kigingsah ahiziehin Sina, Siindan, Sidamna, Sithu, Bising, Siau, Sieng, etc. chi’a kisim diing ahi hi. Cung, cang, cou, cuan, etc. Tamte pen Kung, Kang, Kou, Kuan, etc. chi’n a kisim diing hi. Tamte pen Pawi leh Mizo lamte laiteng ahideu a, Zomite a diingin “Ch” khu “a, o, leh u” in azui leh “Ch” khu “T” danin aging hi. Etsn. Chung khu Tung, Chang khu Tang, Chou khu Tou, Chuan khu Tuan, etc. chidan ahi hi.

Zolai a “O, Ou leh Aw” Vai a Buoina: Zolai giel khatin ithei zing diinguh ahileh “O, Ou leh Aw” khu laimal tuom chiet ahi uhi. “O” pen bangchih hunin “Ou” danin aging ngaisih a, “Ou” zong bangchih hunin “Aw’ danin a ging ngaisih a, “Aw’ zong “O” ahiei “Ou” danin aging ngaisih hi. Tam laiteng thumte khu bangchih laipou a zalentah (independently) a kizang diing ahi hi. “O” khu “O leh Ou” gina iginsah chiengun I laigel tampi agin diing dantah in aging theita sih hi. Etsn. “Potato” khu “Ou” in gingsah lei “Poutatou” chidan asuoh a, “Pawtataw” chi’n gingsah lei zong adih sih hi. “Top” khu “Toup” chidan in aging ngaisih hi. “O” khu “Khopi” chi zahdan ah, “Ou” khu “Zou” zahdan ah “Aw’ khu “Awl in” zahdan ah zanglei adih diing hi.

“Zou leh Zo” Vai; Single leh Compound Noun: English a (Single) noun ichite khu silmin khat china ahia, Compound noun i chite khu “Noun ni kigawm a silmin (meaning) khat siemte” china ahi hi. English ah enlei: Bedroom, Check-in, Full Moon, etc. chite khu compound nuon ahi uhi. “Bed” chi khu independent-tah a um word/vocabulary khat ahia, “Room” zong word khat independent-tah a um ahita hi. Hilezong tamtegel igawmkhawm chiengun zong ani un vocabulary/meaning khat asiem kia veve ua, “Bedroom” asuoh hi. A gelkhawm dan diing dan (rule) khautah aum sih a, kimat, dash tawh kizop leh kihal a kigel chite in aum zengzung veve sam hi. Tuama bangin Zolai igel chiengin compound noun in gelkhawm dan diing dan (rule) khautah in a kinei sih a, a kimat, dash tawh kizop leh a kihal in a kigiel veve hi.

India langa Zou vontawite’n “Zou” leh “Zo” khu a kizang tuoh tuoh hi. A kizahdan ahileh single nound leh compound noun chidan in a kikhen taangpi hi. “Zou” khu amatang (single/solo) in a kizang a, “Zo” khu noun khat in a nuazui zing hi. Tam pen English a compound noun (Noun ni kigawm a meaning khat siemkhie) kigel dana kizang ahia, a nuazui (suffix) noun masanga “Zou” aum leh “Zo” chidan a kizang ahi hi. Tam pen English hama exceptional case achi dan ua kizang ahi hi. A dihtah a giel diing hilei Zougam, Zoumi, Zoulai, Zoulei, Zouhuikhi, Zouzam, etc. chi diing hinapi’n Zogam, Zomi, Zolai, Zolei, Zohuikhi, Zozam, etc. chi’n a kigiel zaw hi. A dan theinoppen ahileh I nam min khu amatang (solo) a izah leh ‘Zou’ chi diing ahia, I nam min leh silmin (noun) dangkhat thumal (word) khat isuo (Compound noun) leh ‘Zo’ chi’a zah diing ahimai hi.

Tami exceptional case zangin United Zomi Organization, Zomi Sangnaupang Pawlpi, Zomi Colony, Zomi Villa, Zomi Zion, etc. chi’n ana kizang hi. Tualeh, Zou min khu compound noun a kisuohsah lou a nam min khu amatang (single) a adin leh “Zou” a kizang hi. Etsn. Zou Youth Organization, Zou Laisai Pawlpi, etc. Tunai in tami nam min khu compound noun a zang nawnlou in United Zou organization, Zou Sangnaupang Pawlpi, Zou Literature Society, Zou Synod chite ang kizangta hi.

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End of Part One
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Part Two is on the way.........

Zoulai Geldan

ZOULAI GELDAN

Keima Ngaidan Kupna

(Tami thugel khu Zokuomthawn a kigiel "Socio linguistics studies of Zo language" chi Pu Philip Thanglianmaang in agel April 23, 2008 ni'a ka comment ahi hi)

Pu Philip Maang aw,

Na nasep thupi kasa mama a, kichien zong kasa mama mai hi. Adal adal, a gui agui in kim sipsep in na suidoh a, thupi kasa mama hi. Tambanga Zoukam sui tahtah atam in kathei naisih hi. Singngat taanga Khodai accent pawlin "Hâng pei in" chilou in "Hîng pei in" ma nachi veve ung e.

Na suina banah ka ngaidan themkhat vang ka kum nuom hi. Englsih ah vowel-te - {a e i o u} khu Roman leh Zoukam in transliterate diing hitalei {e i ai o iu} chi ahia, vowel dang khat English a "a" pen Zoukam in "e" chilou in Zou kammal a "a aw b ch d ....z" isim chienga apatna "a" ichidan in pei leh bangma buoina umlou diingin ka gingta hi. Zokam a vowel-te khu {a aw e i o u} ahi hi. Kei mudan in circumflex (^) khat maimai vowel tunga ikoi in i Zoukam a suohtasah mai diingin ka gingta hi.

Circumflex khu Zokam a vowel tung tenga bankoi sângin a tawpna awkai asan chiêngin a vowel tengah koi lei i buoina zousie a bei mai dîngin ka gingta hi. Atom ginte leh a ngiêm ginte ah vowel khat koi in, asang ginte ah circumflex koi in, asau ginte ah vowel ni koikhawm lei i Zoukam zahdan anuom mama dîngin ka gingta hi. Etsahna dîngin Thang = Famous, Thâng = Trap leh Thaang = Scattered chidan in Thang pen a tomgin leh a ngiem gin ahia, Thâng pen asanggin ahia, Thaang pen asaugin ahi hi. Tang = Straight, Tâng = Replacement/substitute leh Taang = Mountain range chi bangin atom gin, a sang gin, a sau gin chidan in khenthei lei ahoi diingin ka gingta hi.

ZOUKAM GRAMMAR tawh kisai in kei ngaidan in i Zouham igel chiêngin symbols leh punctuation mark kihazah da leh ahoi pen dîngin ka gingta hi. Tualeh, word khat in meaning khat chiet anei teitei dîngin ka ngaisun sih hi. Vocabulary thu ah zong English in thumal kibang tampi anei a, azahna leh ahina tawh a kigeldan a thei mai dîng pawl zong aum hi. English vocabulary ah “Box” kichi pen Noun ah “Singkuong” ahia, verb ah “Tum/Shuthop” china ahi hi. Tuamabang in, eite’n zong thumal khat in agen tampi nei aum hi chi thei lei ahoi dîng hi. A thumal geldan isiem leh theithei pai zong aum a, a thumal a ki-theiloute khu a thuguol tawh I et a thei thei dîng pawl zong aum hi. Ham khat phot in agindan (tone), alawdan (syllable), lomkawmdan (grouping) leh aginlawmdan (harmony) anei chiet hi.

Tualeh, full sentence zahdan leh phrase zahdan zong themkhat hing kum nuom ing. Simple Sentence igel chiêng in igel dih chiêt ua, hilezong Compound or Complex sentences igel chiêng un i gam mang paipai ua, atawpna tung nailou in “Full Stop” pou izang mun mama uhi. Zoulai igel chiêng un “a” “ua” “ahia” chia thuguol (Sentence) tawp umlou ahi. Tambangte ing tun chiêng un Compound or Complex sentences giel ihi chi ithei dîng uh ahia, Comma (,) ahiei Semi-colon (;) azahdan isiem uh angai hi. English a Conjunction zang ihita ua, pilvan ngai ahi hi. Conjunctions “Leh” “Hilezong” "Tualemah" chite zahsiem angai a, tamte pen "And" “But” “Whereas” "However" "Nevertheless" chite tawh kibang ahiziehin a masang a thugui pen tawh ang peikhawm teitei dîng ahi. The present sectence versus the proceeding sentence china ahi hi. I tugel masah pen leh tua igel pen tekaah ihia, thuguol khat (full sentence) khawlna (full stop or period) umlou a igelsuoh dîng ahi hi.

Tamte keima mimal ngaidan hi ee. Genkhiel ngaidam.

Pasian thupha maw,

Khai Minthang

Zou Kam Geldan Dîng Kei Ngaidan in

Zoulai Geldan Dih

Mr. Khai Minthang

Florence, Kentucky

(Tami article pen April 21, 2004 a kagel ahia, Florence, Kentucky ka umlai ahi hi)

Ham khat phot in agindan (tone), alawdan (syllable), lomkawmdan (grouping) leh aginlawmdan (harmony) anei chiet hi. Leitung pumpia kithei pen leh a minthang pen English in zong tone, syllable, grouping leh harmony anei hi. Tualeh, vocabulary thu ah zong English in thumal kibang tampi anei a, azahna leh ahina tawh a kigeldan a thei mai dîng pawl zong aum hi. English vocabulary ah “Box” kichi pen Noun ah “Singkuong” ahia, verb ah “Tum/Shuthop” china ahi hi. Tuamabang in, eite’n zong thumal khat in agen tampi nei aum hi chi thei lei ahoi dîng hi. A thumal geldan isiem leh theithei pai zong aum a, a thumal a ki-theiloute khu a thuguol tawh I et a thei thei dîng pawl zong aum hi. Tuazieh-in, thumal kang tahlat zousie a ki-tuohpi (Corresponding) English thumal khat tawh hilchien dîng hîng kithawi kahisih a, a tone leh thumal lomkhawmdan ah themkhat ka ngaidan hing kum vang chia hing kithawi kahizaw hi.

Zou ham pen iham chieng un a kichien vagua a, igel thaw chieng un khatvei teng abuoi thei valuoi hi. I gel chieng a I buoina pen “Vowel” sung maimai ahi hi. Vowel kichi pen koipou buoina ahimai dîng in gingta ing. English ah Vowel chite pen “a,e,i,o,u” tamteng ahia, Nam dang leh gamdang te’n a kihawmthaw hi. Zou tate a dîng in Vowel “a, aw, e, i, o, u” chite ahi hi. Tammi Vowel a laimal zousie hoitah a Zouham tawh kituoh a iginsah thei chieng un Zou ham geldan ang nuomta dîng a, sim zong ang simnop ma mata dîng hi.

Ding = Stand
Dîng = For/Will be
Tang = Seed/Get
Tâng = Behalf
Tang = Straight
Taang = Mountain
Nei = Possess
Nuoi = Under/Beneath
Chîm = Bore
Chim = Ruin
Chiim = Clear
Sieng = Clean
Thang = Famous
Thâng = Trap
Thaang = Scattered

Tualeh, laimal tom a igel chiengin ’ tami sign zang lei ahoi de aw kachi hi. Etsahna dîng in:
Dîng in : Di’n
Kei in : Ke’n
Keima in : Keima’n

Laimal ‘n’ a tawpte zaw chie’ng tam ’ pen zahlou hileh ahoi dîng hi. Etsahna di’n: Pasian in chi pen Pasian’n chimai thei lou ahi hi. Tualeh, noun nua a ‘in’ chi ang um leh a noun tawh kimat in kigiel sih leh ahoi dîng hi. Amabou atom lam a gelthei leh a syllable tawh etkawm in atom a gelthei sil leh kilawm ahileh giel va ui. Etsahna’n: Pasianin chi sa’ng “Pasian in” chi zawlei a chieng zaw dîng abang hi. Khai Minthangin chilei a syllable tawh kituoh in lou dîng chilei Khai Min Tha Ngin or Khai Min Than Gin chi a zong hîng ging thei ahijiehin adih sih hi. Exceptional case vang a umthei dîng: Lalpu in chi sangin “Lalpu’n” chi lei ahoi kia leuleu dîng hi. Hilezong “Maman’n” chi sangin “Maman in” chilei a chieng pai hi.

Z leh J thu ah buoina umsih hen ichi leh Z maimai kizang leh ahoi mai di'n ngaituo ing. Aziehpen, “O” leh “AW” hard leh soft breathing nei ihi chieng in. “J” zahna dîng I ngaituo nate ah “Z+aw (Soft breathing)” pen kizang leh a kichieng mai dîng hi. Tam aney a etsahnate en vai:
Zol : Smooth/Greasy
Zawl : Appease/Console
Zâwl : Oval

Tualeh, full sentence zahdan leh phrase zahdan zong siem vai. Simple Sentence igel chieng in igel dih chiet ua, hilezong Compound or Complex sentences igel chieng un I gam mng paipai ua, atawpna tung nailou in “Full Stop” pou izang mun mama uhi. Zou lai igel chieng un “a” “ua” “ahia” chia thuguol (Sentence) tawp umlou ahi. Tambangte ing tun chieng un Compound or Complex sentences giel ihi chi ithei dîng uh ahia, Comma (,) ahiei Semi-colon (;) azahdan isiem uh angai hi. English a Consonants zang ihita ua, pilvan ngai ahi hi. “leh” “hilezong” chite zahsiem angai hi.

Hinanlezong/Hilezong chite a Paragraph tha ing pat chieng un I thugel mumal umlou ahita hi. Hilezong chipen “But” “Whereas” chite tawh kibang ahiziehin a masang a thugui pen tawh ang peikhawm tei tei dîng ahi. The present sectence versus the proceeding sentence china ahi hi. I tugel masah pen leh tua igel pen tekaah ihia, paragraph a pat him him lou dîng ahi.
Paragraph patna dîngin “Tualeh” = Besides, Therefore, Moreover, Furthermore, etc. chite a ki-zang hi.

Tambang in zang thei chiet lei I laigeldan ang kituoh thei diei mah china leh Zou Lai (Zou Literature) khantouna’ng a ka ngaituona hing sûng kahi hi.