ZOLAI GELDAN LEH ZAHDAN

Khai Minthang Samte

Atlanta, GA

(Tami laigel khu book project a ka nei ahia, hunkhat chieng a laibu a hing suoh diing a bawl ahi hi)

Zou laimal I Chi: Zolai pen Roman laimal apat kiletkhie ahizieh in “a, aw, b, ch, d, e…” chi’a isim dana kizang ahia, English te laimal “a, b, c, …” dana isim dana kizang ahisih hi. Tuazieh in, English-te’n I laimal asim chieng un “Nang” khu “Neng” “Hang” khu “Heng” dan in asim ua, adih tuon sih hi. Tampen English leh Roman script lawdan (Pronunciation) kibahlou zieh ahi hi. Roman script laimal bulphu a laiteng nei zousie’n Zolai dihtah in asim thei ua, English laimal bulphu a laiteng nei zousie’n Zolai dihtah in asim theisih uhi. Tuathamlou in, Zolai dihtah a na khangkhe loute’n ii leh ee athei khen thei sih uhi. E.g. cheang=chieng, deae=diei, dumdum maw?=damdam maw?, etc.

Laimal Khanna: Khanglui lai in Zokam ah “F” leh “R” inei sih uhi. Hilezong hun-le-nite hing pei zeel in tuni chieng in “F” leh “R” ing zangta ua, tu masang deu mama in “Q, W, X, Y” ing zang pien-pienta uhi.  “F” leh “R” khu “Ph” leh “L” tuoh in ina gingsah ua, hilezong a gindan dihtah a ang ginthei tahtah lou chieng in “F” leh “R” khu kammal tahtah ang hita hi. Hilezong, “Q, W, X, Y” chite khu a kituohpi “K, U, S, I” ahia, zahpawlna diing a poimawna aum tahtah nai sih hi. Hilezong, ham dangte zahdan i copy ahiei, silminte a tuabang a kizah leh a kizah bang bang a izah uh angai veve hi.

Vowels:

a          e          i           o          u

Semi vowels:

aw       ng

Consonants:

b          ch        d          f           g         

h          j           k          l           m        

n          p          r           s           t          

v          z

Consonant Clusters: Consonant cluster kichite khu consonant laimal ni kigawm china ahi hi. Unau Mizote’n consonant cluster ahau dieh ua, tuaban ah unau Thadoute’n azui uhi. Hilezong Zokam ah consonant cluster nga maimai inei uhi. “Ng” leh “Ch” khu adihtah in consonant cluster ahi ua, hilezong Zolai ah alphabet in izang uhi. Consonant cluster-te en vai:

Kh       Lh        Ph        Sh        Th       

Khup: Khup in kha a khel ngai sih

Lha: Lha. Tami consonant cluster khu Zokam zang chiet hilei zong a kaidan (accent) in a kikhen a, “Lh” zang pawl leh “H” zang pawl ium uhi.

Example: Lhagau=Hagau, Lhapi=Hapi, Lha=Ha, Lhitui=Hitui

Phung: Phiemphu Phungpi. Tami consonant cluster khu Zokam dihtah ahia, English leh i unau Zokam “R” zangte a i zahpi chieng un “F” izang ua, tuapen “Ph” tawh kibahsah lou diing ahi. E.g. Fel=Taima khu tulai chieng in taima leh fel a kizang tuohta hi.  English kammal ah “Ph” zousie “F” in a gingsah uhi.

Shi: Shina khu koima’n a pelthei sih hi. Nidanglai in s leh sh khenkhe sese lou in ina zangkop ua, tulai chieng in sh khu ing hazah simta uhi. Ahivang in sh khu shi a diing a deituomteel bang in izang uhi. Shang, shen, shing, shieng, shou, etc. chite vang kizang tuomlou hi.

Thang: Thanghou leh Liendou in miimtang-taangtang ana phalhawm uhi.

'Ng' Laimal tawh kisai: 'Ng' khu i genthaw ching in a khietna leh laimal ah hoitah in i genthei a, hilezong i leh gel chieng in a buoihuoi gige hi. Aziehpen, 'Ng' khu consonant cluster ahiban ah, semi-vowel zah a kizang gige ahi hi. Consonant cluster laimalte khu mai leh anua a vowel in azui leh tuate tawh simkhop thei zing ahi hi. E.g. Kingaisun, Bangin, etc. (Tam pen ‘king aisun’ chia zong simkhel thei ahia, ‘ban gin’ leh ‘ba ngin’ chia zong simkhel thei ahi hi. Tuazieh in, 'ng' tawh thumal peikhawmte igel chieng in pilvan ahuoi mama hi. 'Ng' khu mabel 'ki' tawh ang peikhawm leh gitphei tawh theh diing ahia, 'ng' nua a vowel in azui leh kaalhal (space) bawl diing ahi hi. E.g. Ki-ngaisun, Bang in, etc. in, un, ua, a, etc. chite khu compound sentence zomtu 'ahia' ahilou ngal leh amasang a thumalte tawh gelmat lou diing ahi hi.

Ngaisiem: Ngaisiem thei mama ing. Tamtah a consonant cluster abah vang in mabel ‘Ki’ koi leh – ‘Kingaisiem’ ahia, consonant cluster gindan sang in semi-vowel dinmun – ‘Kin gai siem’ chia zong simkhel thei ahizieh in vowel dangte ma bang in mabel ‘ki’ leh ‘ngaisiem’ kikaal ah gitphei koi akul hi.

Consonant Endings: Zokam ah consonant a tawp laimal atam sih hi. Vowel – a, e, i, o, u; semi-vowel aw, ng; leh consonant h, k, l, m, n, p, t in atawp uhi. Consonant laimal tawpna a zahlou diingte ahileh b, ch, d, f, g, j, r, v, z ahi uhi. Hilezong, tulai chieng in consonant laimal ‘r’ khu i tamzahta ua, laimal patna leh tawpna in i zangta uhi. Example: Fuh, Phur, etc.

Consonant endings b, ch, d, f, g, j, r, v leh z a tawpsah lou diing in a kituohpi ahiei a kinaipi penpen a tawpsah diing ahi hi. b=p, ch=umlou, d=t, f=p (Ginalou), g=k, j=s (ginalou), r=l (Tulai kizang tam simta), v=u, leh z=s (Ginalou).

Consonant ‘R’ & ‘F’ Groups: I Zou mipi ‘R’ & ‘F’ group te’n Ch, Chh, Hl, Hm, Hn, Ph, Th, Thl, Thr, etc. chi’n azang uhi. Tami group ate ‘Ch’ pen ‘a, o, ou, aw’ in ang zui leh ‘T’ in i gingsah taangpi ua, ‘i’ leh ‘e’ in ang zui leh Zolai zahdan a kibang taangpi hi. ‘Chh’ khu ‘S/Sh’ in i gingsah ua, kammal ‘R’ a kipante khu a khietna atuom sih leh ‘G’ in i gingsah ua, ‘R’ a tawpte khu a khietna atuom sih leh ‘L’ ikoi uhi. ‘F’ khu consonant cluster-te gindan in i gingsah uhi.  Fak=phat, Buhfai=Buphai, Fate=Tate,

Consonant Suffix ‘H’ & ‘K’ Groups: Zolai gelna ah consonant cluster leh glottal stop ‘K’ in thumal a tawp ngai sih a, a khaupen nasal stop ‘H’ in atawp hi. I Zolai khu unau Paite-Tedim kammal zangte’n amau awkai tawh kituoh diing in laimal vowel/monothong a tawpte banah nasal stop ‘H’ azang ua, Zolai laimal nasal stop ‘H’ a tawpte ah glottal stop ‘K’ ang koi ua, Zolai consonant ‘L’ a tawpte ah consonant cluster ‘LH’ akoi uhi. Tuate envai:

Consonant Cluster sufix: Gel=Gelh, Hil=Hilh, Khel=Khelh, etc.

Nasal stops: Bu=Buh  Mawna=Mawhna, Pe=Peh, Te=Teh, etc.

Glottal stops: Buh=Buk, Lah=Lak, Suh=Suk, Suhsah=Suksak, Theisah=Theihsak, etc.

Tumasang lai deu pawlkhat in consonant cluster ‘ngh’ ang uongzahta uhi. Hilezong, Zolai gelna ah consonant cluster a laimal a tawp lou mabang in ‘ngh’ in atawp ngai sih hi.

Laimal ‘a, in, un, ah, uh, pen, khu’ te igel chieng a ahithei tan a tuomgel diing in ahoi hi. Tamte khu a kizahna dungzui in auxilary verb, adjective, noun, pronoun ahi uhi. Ahivang in 'a' khu prefix masang a aum lou a, verb, adverb leh adjective a diing a preposition dan a i zah leh gelmat diing ahia, Verb, Adverb, Adjective leh Noun a diing a post position a i zah leh kaalhal diing ahi hi. E.g. Silkhat ibawl leh ahoitheipen a bawl diing ahi hi.

Monothongs (Vowels): Vowel ichite khu amatang a gindan neitah a dingtheite china ahi hi. Laimal dangte tawh pangkhawm sese lou in amau maimai in zong a ding thei ua, consonant laimal khat masang-nuasang ahiei, consonant cluster ahiei, consonant ni kikaal ah aum taangpi uhi. Vowel khat in amatang ahiei, consonant tawh ahiei kituo in aw-gin (syllable) khat a bawlkhie hi. Vowel khat sang a tamzaw ang kithuo ua, consonant tawh ang kihal chieng in thumal khu syllable khat sang a tamzaw ang suoh pai hi.

a          e          i           o          u

Example: Aw-gin (Syllable) khat envai:

Ba        Cha      Da       Ga       Nga     Ha       Ja         Ka       La        Ma       Na       Pa        Sa        Ta        Va       Za

Be        Che      De       Ge       Nge     He       Je         Ke       Le        Me       Ne       Pe        Se        Te        Ve       Ze

Bi        Chi      Di        Gi        Ngi      Hi        Ji          Ki        Li         Mi        Ni        Pi         Si         Ti         Vi        Zi

Bo       Cho     Do       Go       Ngo     Ho       Jo         Ko       Lo        Mo       No       Po        So        To        Vo       Zo

Bu       Chu     Du       Gu       Ngo     Hu       Ju         Ku       Lu        Mu       Nu       Pu        Su        Tu        Vu       Zu

Aw-gin khat sang a tamzaw:

Pa=Aw-gin khat, Papi=Aw-gin ni, Nipini=Aw-gin thum,

Diphthongs: Diphthong ichite khu vowel ni aw-gin (syllable) khat a ging china ahi hi. Diphthong khu laimal dangte tawh pangkhawm sese lou in amau maimai in zong a ding thei ua, consonant laimal khat masang-nuasang ahiei, consonant cluster ahiei, consonant ni kikaal ah aum taangpi uhi. Diphthong khat in amatang ahiei, consonant tawh ahiei kituo in aw-gin (syllable) khat a bawlkhie hi. Diphthong khat sang a tamzaw ang kithuo ua, consonant tawh ang kihal chieng in thumal khu syllable khat sang a tamzaw ang suoh pai hi.

Diphthong izah chieng a theisiem mama diing khat ahileh dipthong dana kizangkhawm ahivanga aw-gin ni a ging veve aum hi. Tamte khu hyphen tawh gelkhawm diing ahi hi. E.g. Si-al=Fox, Du-am=Greedy, Kho-ul=sweat, etc. “Sial” leh “Duam” chia igel leh a khietna tuompi nei ahizieh in hyphen tawh gelkhawm diing ahi hi.

Tualeh, consonant zieh in zong kammal khat khietna ni asuoh thei a, tuate zong gelmat lou diing ahi hi. I gelmat sawm lezong gitphei (hyphen) beeh tawh khenkhiet ngei ngei diing ahi hi. Example: “Leel aw Leel aw”  chi leh “Leel-aw Leel-aw” leh “Lee law Lee law” “Lee-law Lee-law” chilei a kibang nawnsih hi. Thumal tampi tambang umthei diing aum hi.

Dipthong khenkhatte:

aa         ai         au        aw       awi      ee         ei         eu        ia         ie         ii          io         iaw      iu         oi         ou            ua        uo

Example:        

Baa      Chaa    Daa      Gaa      Ngaa    Haa      Jaa       Kaa      Laa      Maa     Naa      Paa      Saa      Taa      Vaa      Zaa

Bai       Chai     Dai      Gai      Ngai    Hai      Jai        Kai      Lai       Mai      Nai      Pai       Sai       Tai       Vai      Zai

Bau      Chau    Dau     Gau     Ngau   Hau     Jau       Kau     Lau      Mau     Nau     Pau      Sau      Tau      Vau     Zau

Baw     Chaw   Daw    Gaw    Ngaw  Haw    Jaw      Kaw    Law     Maw    Naw    Paw     Saw     Taw     Vaw            Zaw

Bawi    Chawi  Dawi   Gawi   Ngawi Hawi   Jawi     Kawi   Lawi    Mawi   Nawi   Pawi    Sawi    Tawi    Vawi            Zawi

Bei       Chei     Dei      Gei      Ngei    Hei      Jei        Kei      Lei       Mei      Nei      Pei       Sei       Tei       Vei      Zei

Bee      Chee    Dee      Gee      Ngee    Hee      Jee       Kee      Lee      Mee     Nee      Pee      See      Tee      Vee      Zee

Beu      Chei     Deu     Geu     Ngeu   Heu     Jeu       Keu     Leu      Meu     Neu     Peu      Seu      Teu      Veu     Zeu

Bia       Chia     Dia      Gia      Ngeu   Hia      Jia        Kia      Lia       Mia      Nia      Pia       Sia       Tia       Via      Zia

Bie       Chie     Die      Gie      Ngie    Hie      Jie        Kie      Lie       Mie      Nie      Pie       Sie       Tie       Vie      Zie

Bii       Chii     Dii       Gii       Ngii     Hii       Jii         Kii       Lii        Mii       Nii       Pii        Sii        Tii        Vii       Zii

Bio      Chio    Dio      Gio      Ngio    Hio      Jio        Kio      Lio       Mio      Nio      Pio       Sio       Tio       Vio      Zio

Biaw    Chiaw  Diaw   Giaw   Ngiaw Hiaw   Jiaw     Kiaw   Liaw    Miaw   Niaw   Piaw    Siaw    Tiaw    Viaw            Ziaw

Biu      Chiu    Diu      Giu      Ngiu    Hiu      Jiu        Kiu      Liu       Miu      Niu      Piu       Siu       Tiu       Viu      Ziu

Boi      Choi    Doi      Goi      Ngoi    Hoi      Joi        Koi      Loi       Moi      Noi      Poi       Soi       Toi       Voi      Zoi

Bou     Chou   Dou     Gou     Ngou   Hou     Jou       Kou     Lou      Mou     Nou     Pou      Sou      Tou      Vou     Zou

Bua      Chua    Dua     Gua     Ngua   Hua     Jua       Kua     Lua      Mua     Nua     Pua      Sua      Tua      Vua     Zua

Buo     Chuo   Duo     Guo     Nguo   Huo     Juo       Kuo     Luo      Muo     Nuo     Puo      Suo      Tuo      Vuo     Zuo

Buu     Chuu   Duu     Guu     Nguu   Huu     Juu       Kuu     Luu      Muu     Nuu     Puu      Suu      Tuu      Vuu     Zuu

Triphthongs: Triphthong ichite khu vowel thum aw-gin (syllable) khat a ging china ahi hi.

Triphthong khenkhatte:

iai        iei        iau       ieu       iou       uai       uoi       uau      uou

Example:

Biai      Chiai    Diai     Giai     Ngiai   Hiai     Jiai       Kiai     Liai      Miai     Niai     Piai      Siai      Tiai      Viai     Ziai

Biei      Chiei    Diei     Giei     Ngiei   Hiei     Jiei       Kiei     Liei      Miei     Niei     Piei      Siei      Tiei      Viei     Ziei

Biau     Chiau   Diau    Giau    Ngiau  Hiau    Jiau      Kiau    Liau     Miau    Niau    Piau     Siau     Tiau     Viau            Ziau

Bieu     Chieu   Dieu    Gieu    Ngieu  Hieu    Jieu      Kieu    Lieu     Mieu    Nieu    Pieu     Sieu     Tieu     Vieu            Zieu

Biou    Chiou  Diou    Giou    Ngiou  Hiou    Jiou      Kiou    Liou     Miou    Niou    Piou     Siou     Tiou     Viou            Ziou

Buai     Chuai   Duai    Guai    Nguai  Huai    Juai      Kuai    Luai     Muai    Nuai    Puai     Suai     Tuai     Vuai            Zuai

Buoi    Chuoi  Duoi    Guoi    Nguoi  Huoi    Juoi      Kuoi    Luoi     Muoi    Nuoi    Puoi     Suoi     Tuoi     Vuoi            Zuoi

Biou    Chiou  Diou    Giou    Ngiou  Hiou    Jiou      Kiou    Liou     Miou    Niou    Piou     Siou     Tiou     Viou            Ziou

Buoi    Chuoi  Duoi    Guoi    Nguoi  Huoi    Juoi      Kuoi    Luoi     Muoi    Nuoi    Puoi     Suoi     Tuoi     Vuoi            Zuoi

Buau    Chuau  Duau   Guau   Nguau Huau   Juau     Kuau   Luau    Muau   Nuau   Puau    Suau    Tuau    Vuau            Zuau

Buou   Chuou Duou   Guou   Nguou Huou   Juou     Kuou   Luou    Muou   Nuou   Puou    Suou    Tuou    Vuou            Zuou

Diphthong IA/IE leh UA/UO: Tami buoina khu Zolai giel zousie buoina ahi hi. Khuongnung accent zangte’n IA leh UA izang ua, Khodai, Haidawi leh Thangkhal accent zangte’n IE leh UO izang uhi. Hilezong, I literature khansem diing deina in ZLS-te’n pan hing la in Zou Lai Siengthou letkhetute’n IE leh UO ang zah chieng un eite’n zong IE leh UO I zangta uhi. Tam pen Zou Literature Society-te sepkhiet chiemte thamching khat ahi hi.

Hilezong dipthong IA zousie IE a hen diing ahi tuom sih a, UA zousie zong UO a hen diing ahi sam sih hi. I hamlawdan (Pronounciation) leh khietna (meaning) dungzui a IA, IE, UA leh UO zah diing ahi hi. English grammar ah zong “Words often misspelled” ana chi hiel ua, eite’n zong “Words often misspelled” honkhat inei uhi. Tuate envai:

Example:

Sia sie a kizua thei hi.

Tamnah: Sia=Iron ahia, Sie=Worn out/broken/useless ahi hi.

Dia=Barren, Unproductive (Aahtui dia); Die=Soak, immerse

Kia= Again; Kie=Fall

Lia=Roll; Lie=Block

Pia=Move; Pie=Give

Sia=Iron; Sie=Worn out/broken/useless

“Lungkhamna sing Cross kei diing a puo a,

Baa in a pua a…”

Tamnah: Puo=Bear/Carry ahia, Pua=Fall down ahi hi.

Hua=Horny; Huo=Hate

Tua=That; Tuo=Join

Vua=Snow; Vuo=Beat

Zua=Sell; Zuo=Father

PASIAN chi igel chieng un exceptional case in Pasian chi’n zang lei igel chieng un i lungsim ang sukha zing diing a, pasien dang dangte tawh khenkhietna khat ahi hi. “P” capital letter banah “ia” zah diing ahi. Christian-te’n zong God leh god chi akhen mama uhi. Tam atung a kipete chilou IA apat IE leh UA apat UO a zah diing ahi hi.

Buoina tawh Kidim “C” Laimal: International level ah “C” pen abana vowel um penpen tawh kituoh in a gingsah uhi. “C” khu “a, o, u leh consonant l” in azui leh “K” danin agingsah ua, “C” khu “e, i leh y” in azui leh “S” danin a gingsah uhi.

Example:

“K” a gingte: Cambodia, Camel, Canada, California, Calcutta, Chicago, Congo, Close, etc.

“S” a gingte: Cisco, Celebrity, Citizen, City, Center, Cyprus, etc.

Zolai igelna a “C” pen “Ch” gindan a I ginsah leh mite’n I lai a sim dih theisih diing ua, eite’n zong mite laigel asim dih sih diing uhi. “Ch” khu leitung pumpia kizang leh kithei laimal ahi hi. Etsn. Chiangmai khu Zou Vontawi “C” zangte a diingin “Ciangmai” chi’n giel lei mite’n “Siangmai” chi’n ang kisimsah diing hi. “Chicago” ah “C” leh “Ch” kilamdanna thei thei ahimai hi. Chicago, Manchester, Chestnut, Chest, Champion, Charlotte, Challenge, etc. Tamna laimal “Ch” zousie “C” tawh heng in sim lei a gindan dihtah aging thei nawn mawngmawng sih hi. Cicago, Mancester, Cesnut, Cest, Campion, Carlotte, Callenge, etc. chite’n khietna aneisih ua, agindan zong adih thei nawnsih hi.

Tuamabangin, “C” pen “Ch” dinmun a zang in “Cingno” chilei mite’n “Singnaw” chi’n ang simsah diing uhi. Cina, ciindan, cidamna, cithu, Bicing, ci-al, ciau, cieng, etc. Tamte pen “C” pen “S” gin a kigingsah ahiziehin Sina, Siindan, Sidamna, Sithu, Bising, Siau, Sieng, etc. chi’a kisim diing ahi hi. Cung, cang, cou, cuan, etc. Tamte pen Kung, Kang, Kou, Kuan, etc. chi’n a kisim diing hi. Tamte pen Pawi leh Mizo lamte laiteng ahideu a, Zomite a diingin “Ch” khu “a, o, leh u” in azui leh “Ch” khu “T” danin aging hi.

Exceptional Case: Unau Kawlgam (Burma) lang a i sanggamte’n “C” azah pen uh Zolai maimai a diing ichi leh exceptional case in zang mai uhen len, hilezong hamdang apat lahsawn (loan words) leh international level a kizang “C” leh “Ch” gin dan zong theisiem lei Zogam I kaan/nuasie chieng un ibuoina uh a tawm deu diing hi.

Zolai a “O, Ou leh Aw” Vai a Buoina: Zolai giel khatin ithei zing diinguh ahileh “O” khu vowel ahia, “Ou” leh “Aw” khu diphthong ahi uhi. Hanglang (Burma) ate'n "O" leh "Aw" maimai azang ua, vowel “O” leh diphthong “Ou” gindan a kibangsah uhi. Sahlang ate'n "O" "Ou" leh "Aw" atuom chiet in azang uhi. Vowel (monothong) ichi chieng in laimal khat maimai amatang a ding thei china ahia, “a e i o u” chite china ahimai hi. Diphthong ichi khu vowel ni kigawm a aw-gin khat bawlkhie china ahia, “aw” leh “ou” zong diphthong ahi uhi. Khatteng in “aw” khu vowel isa ua, adih sih hi. English a Semi vowel khu “w” leh “y” ahia, w=u leh y=i dan a kizang ahizieh in “aw” zong “au” “u” kimkhat dana kizang ahizieh in vowel hilou in diphthong ahizaw hi.

"O" zahnate:

Bot=uproot, got=endow, Hot=Stir, Khopi=city, kop=pair/together, lom=bundle, tom=short, vot=cold, etc.

"Ou" zahnate:

Dou=attack, gou=slaughter, Hou=plough, kou=we, lou=field, mou=sister-in-law, nou=you, pou=grow, sou=boiling, tou=sit, etc.

"Aw" zahnate:

Bawng=Cow, Dawng=Answer, Gawng=Skinny/Thin, Kawm=borrow/lend, Lawm=Friend, Maw=Foolish, Mawl=savage/uncivilize, etc.

Awgin (Syllable): Awgin ichi chieng in thuteng khat ahiei, khatsang a tamzaw kizopmat a thumal khat asiemna ua awgin kipawlte china ahi hi. Zokam ah awgin khu khat apat thum tan kigelmat leh a simnuom a, lekhietna ah awgin li apat a tunglamte khu kihalsah dan – khietna dang tawh kituoh diing in sui thei lei ahoi diing hi.

Awgin khat (momosyllable): Zolai ah tahsa tung a bamengte leh innvan-louvan, mun-le-muol, sa-le-nga minte khu awgin khat ahi taangpi a, gelmat diing ahi hi. Tualeh, awgin khat a ging adang zong tampi aum veve hi. Tuate en vai:

Ba        bang    bah      bai       bal       ban      bat

Be        beng    beh      bei       bel       bem     bet

Bi        bing     bil        bii        bit

Bo       bong    boh      bil        bol       bot       bom     bon      bot       bou

Bu       bung    buh      bui       bul       bum     bun      but

Baw     bawng bawl    bawt    bawm  bawn

Tambang in A Aw B Ch … chidan in bawl suhsuh lechin kichieng diing hi.

Awgin ni (disyllable): Zolai ah be min, kho min leh sa leh nga min tamzaw khu awgin ni ahia, gelmat diing ahi hi. Zou khanggui apat kipante’n be min leh kho min in awgin ni ana zang taangpi ua, khanglui lai a Zou be min leh kho minte khu ni ahi taangpi hi.

Example:

1.      Dopmul, Innpi, Lienzaw, Manlun, Naulah, Phiemphu, Samte, Taithul, etc.

2.      Khampat, Khuongnung, Baljang, Thangkhal, Haidawi, Tonjang, Khodai, etc.

Tualeh, awgin ni a ging zong tampi aum veve hi. Tuate en vai:

A: Aw-gin, awhlum, awlsam, awltat, awmna, awngvang, awngvang, awpkai, awsie,

B: Beelpi, bilpi, bulpi, buphai, butang, buvui

Ch: Chiengkang, chiengkhut, chillum, Chingnou, Chingpi                

D: Daidap, dangtaah, dawngtu, dingdeng, dipkuo, dohna, dongtu, dungsun, duongjen, duongvul

E: Enhuoi, enla, enton, ette   

G: Gammaang, gammang, gatang, genthei, gilou, ginglou, gingta, gingtu, gotuoi, guohtang, guotui, guuhgol

Ng: Ngaina, ngainou, ngaltang, ngoumei

H: Halia, hamsa, hangsan, hanha, hatzaw, hausa, hawhlam, heiga, haikeeh , heitah, heitang, hingthei, husam, huasan, huipi  

K: Kaikuong, kalbi, kelkot, kellei, ketot, khangsawn, khangthu, khaugui, khelna, khinleng, khinpi, khomuol, khopi, khosung, khota, khuoimu, kielpi, kipi, kosa   

L: Lapi, laibu, lengthe, luipi, luita, lukhu, lunggim, lungleeng, lungsim, lungtang, lungthu, lupna  

M: Maipuong, malta, malzin, manghil, mangthang, manlang, mei-am, meisel                 

N: Naahkuo, namsau, nangma, natang, nunnem

O: Opkhum, ole          

P: Pasian, patau, patawi, patong, phalbi, phuba, piching, pilkhel, pumpi (Canon)              

S: Saltaang, samsi, sawmsiel, sietmit, sumkuong, sumtang, sungkho, sunkim                    

T: Talpang, talteng, tangkhat, tangkou, theikhiel, theisah, theisiem, thelthang, touna

V: Vachieng, vakhu, vanleng, vantung, vanzah, vaphuol      

Z: Zaila, zakhat, zankim, zawngku, ze-awl, zilling

Awgin thum (trisyllable): Zolai ah mihing minte awgin thum ahideu taangpi hi. Tuate khu khietna nei ahizieh in akhietna dungzui a gel diing ahi hi. Syllable khat in khietna khat anei thei a, syllable ni in khietna khat a neithei a, syllable thum in zong khietna khat anei thei hi.

Min geldan ah kisaithei tahtah aum sih a, hilezong keima ngaidan in minlahna/mintapna pen thumal khat, minphuohna pen thumal khat leh be min pen thumal khat hileh min thum in a peithei diing hi. E.g. Khai Minthang Samte chilei Khaiminthang Samte ahiei Khai Min Thang Sam Te chi dendun sang in a khietna a kichienzaw thamtham hi. Tulai chieng in English min  i thangsah ua, athudan in kei min diing in Abraham hitaleh syllable khat ah thuguol khat hisahna diing in “Ab Ba Ra Ham Khai Min Thang Sam Te” chi dendun pen adih theilou guoh hilou in a kilawmlou ahita hi. Leitung khantou dungzui in min-le-puom leh ham-le-pau a suithei nawnlou diing Zou mite lah a tampi aum taah zieh in I phung min (family name) uh giel thei talei ahoi diing hi. Heitah heitah tung in, bang ham bang pau zang in, bang tawndan bang khandan zang talei zong imin tawpna beeh tawh tuzou kum 100 chieng a ang kisui theina diing in i be minte uh tua kipan in zangthei lei ahoi diing hi.

Zolai ah awgin thum khu mabel (prefix), nuabel (suffix) leh nasepdan (adverb) leh genchientu (adjective) apat mutheilou silmin (abstract noun) suohsahna in a kizang hi. Laimal khat hammal khat apat hammal dangte ang suoh theina diing in mabel leh nuabel kizang a, awgin thum ang suoh thei jel uhi.

·         Laimal tahtah: Deisah, theisiem, muda,

·         Mabel tawh: Ki+deisah=kideisah, ki+theisiem=kitheisiem, ki+muda=kimuda, etc.

·         Nuabel tawh: Deisah+na=deisahna, theisiem+na=theisiemna, muda+na=mudana, etc.

Awgin li (polysyllable): Zolai ah awgin li leh atamzaw khu mabel (prefix), nuabel (suffix) leh nasepdan (adverb) leh genchientu (adjective) apat mutheilou silmin (abstract noun) suohsahna in a kizang hi.

Example:

1.      Mabel ‘Ki’ tawh nuabel ‘na’ kigawmkhawm in laimal meel-le-puom a heng lamdang hi: Ki+deisah+na=Kideisahna, ki+theisiem+na=kitheisiemna, ki+muda+na=kimudana, etc.

N.B.

1. Mabel leh nuabel khu a laimal tawh gelmat gige diing ahi hi.

2. Mabel ah vowel ni ang kizom chieng in diphthong gin in a kiging sah thei ahiman in Ki+vowel leh semi-vowel khat phot ah gitphei khat koi lei asim nuompen hi. Example: Ki-iit, ki-uongsah, ki-en, ki-aatkha, ki-uhna, etc. 

3. Mabel ‘Ki’ khu consonant in azui leh gelmat diing ah hi.

4. Nuabel khu a laimal tahtah pen tawh gelmat zing diing ahi hi.

5. Thumal ‘ng’ a tawpte khu nuabel ‘na’ ibel chieng ‘ng’ khu hing tonmang (decline)  ‘n’ ang suoh hi. Tam pen simmun tuom ah hoitah in en nalai vai.

Awgin (Tone):

Zou ham iham chieng un asang, angiem, asau, atom leh akawi inei ua, hilezong igel chieng un kilamdanna bangma ineisah sih uhi. Tamite cheptena ineilou zieh un khatveiteng in ilaigelte sim hamsa asuoh a, laisiem leh laigelmi khenkhat in tuabangte khenkhetna diing in laimal thuoni leh laijem tuomtuomte zang in igel jel uhi.

Geldan ngaina a gel khu a noppen leh a awlsampen ahi hi. Zou laitengte uh khu English laiteng tawh ki unau Roman laitengte apat hing piengkhie ahizieh in i hampha tungtuong uhi. Aziehpen, siatawlai, computer leh printing press tuomtuomte ah bangma buoina neilou in a khawlha (keyboard) izang thei uhi.

I literature khantou dungzui in asau gin diing in double vowel (diphthong) i zangta ua, laigeldan themkhat hing khangtou zodeu leh buoihuoi zodeu (more complicate) ang bangta hi. 1990s apat in laimal ginaloute (Irrigular spellings) - q, x, w leh y khu Zolai ah um sih lezong w leh y khu semi-vowel dan a zang pawl i umta ua, consonant tawpna ginaloute (Irrigular consonant endings) - b, ch, d, f, g, j, r, v leh z thumal tawpna a zang pawl zong i umta uhi. Khantouna khat bang sim nanleh tambang a khantouna in simtheilou khop diing a geltheina ang pie a, buoihuoina (Complication) ang tun veve hi.

Ngaisutna: Zolai ah asau leh akawi chilou a dangteng pan simkhel talaw diing aum sih hi. Tuazieh in, ahithei leh, Zolai gelna ah asaute khu double vowel kizang henlen, akawite khu a vowel tung ah '^' innku (^ = circumflex) kizang leh simkhel aum diing in ka gingta sih hi. Asau a kawi nalai zong um ahizieh in tuate tung ah single circumflex kizang leh ahoi a, a simnop pen diing hi. Tuazieh in vowel zahdan ah Workshop hoitah khat sai diing in ahoi diing hi. Tami lai ka gelna ah zong asau gin leh akawi ginte khu double vowel kazang nalai hi.

Example:

A E I O U = Â Ê Î Ô Û

a e i o u = â ê î ô û

Laiteng gol A leh Â: Ai = celebration of victory; Âi = Crab

Laiteng meng a leh â: Tang = Straight; Tâng = Get. Taang = Mountain; Tâang = Substitute

Laiteng gol E leh Ê: Eng = Green; Êng = Envy

Laiteng meng e leh ê: Keng = Bring; Kêng = Leg

Laiteng gol I leh Î: Ing = Yes; Ît = Love

Laiteng meng i leh î: Ding = Stand; Dîng = For, will

Laiteng gol O leh O: Op = Incubate; Ôpkai = confusing (Tam pen 'aw' zong aum zieh in kihazah lou in, Awpkai zong kichi thei)

Laiteng meng o leh ô: Suong = Paste, trust (to be strong); Suông = Stone

Laiteng gol U leh Û: Um = Present; Ût = willing

Laiteng meng u leh û: Sun (Sut) = Pierce, stab; Sût = loose,

Semi-Vowel:

Laiteng gol Aw leh Âw: Awm = Chest; Âwng=vacant

Laiteng meng aw leh âw: Zawl = Appease; Zâwl = Oval

N.B.: 'Ng' khu i sim chieng a 'eng' chia kisim ahizieh in semi-vowel dan a ngaisut ahiman in amai a 'e' umsa a ngaisut ahia, vowel dang ang zui chieng in gitphei (dash) tawh khenkhiet diing ahi hi. (E.g. Ki-ngaisut) semi-vowel dan a agin vang in vowel tawh peikhawm lou in thumal a siem thei tuom sih hi. Khatvei teng in consonant cluster zah in zong a kizang thei kawikawi hi. 

- ( April 29, 2017 ) -