Zo leh Zou Pumkhatna Diinga Ketot Thupi

Zo leh Zou Pumkhatna Diinga Ketot Thupi

Khai Minthang

Thupatna: November 03, 2008 ni'a ka blog a Nangpi thugel, "U Khai, Burma lam i minam ZO teng tawh kizop nate hinghoi to nang in, i kipum khat thei nang in, PUZO Site ading Article te hing at tam to leh" ka ngaisut chiengin ka lungsim sungah thu-le-laa phabepkhat ang kikaikhawm dendun hi. Ka ngaisutna masapen ahileh eite khu luipi pangkhat tuoh a khosa, khatlang leh khatlang kikawmtuo theina diing lah gunkuong bawl theilou, lei zong daw theilou, hilezong gunkuong khat umleh luigal khatlang a haw diinga mansa, lei kidaw leh azui diinga mansa chidan a um hilei kilawm kasa hi. Ka ngaidan in gunkuong sui diing khutsiemte kisam, lei bawl diing engineer-te kisam ahimaw chi ngaidan ang pie hi. Tua kang kisahna pen gunkuong sui diinga kithawi hilou leh lei bawl diinga kithawi hilou in English te chidan phuat hileh "Blue Print or Master Plan" themkhat hing kupsawm kahizaw hi. Kei geldan leh ngaidan maimaite tawh kipat diing hisam lou in Zou vontawite'n i siemnate uh i gawmkhawm zou chieng ua i geelna (planning) uh isep diing uh ahi nabou hi. India langa Zou vontawi 22,000 tuom umte leh Burma langa Zo vontawi 61,000 tuom umte kigawm lei 83,000 tuom ipha uhi.

Kitheichetna leh Nam Iitna: Tanglai a laphuotu khat in tambang in ana phuo hi: "Eiteng khawlkhawm, atuom umlou, vannuoi chipeu Khul a pieng, Tuunsung khat pan pieng hi ngei ngei ee. Tuunsung khat pan pieng hi ngei ngei ee,Suopi sanggam laigui zawngkhawm hi ngei ngei ee" ana chi hi. Tam pen i suutpi uh ahi zing diing ahi. Tami tah tenga key word a mutheite ahileh - Khul, Tuunsung khat leh Laigui zawngkhawm chite ahi uhi. India, Burma leh mun dang dang ah khosa in um lei zong i "Tuunsung khat leh laigui zawngkhawm" ihina in ang gawm zing diing ahia, ihina uleh inam uh ithei zing diing uh ahi hi. Khatteng in namdangte leh mituomte tawh i umkhawm chiengun i Zou hina uh i mangsah dihdih zeel ua, tuapen adih sih hi.

Tualeh Zou nam iitna hilchetna (definition) uh etphathuoi kasahna khat aum hi. Nam a diinga shi ngamna khu nam iitna danin ila ua, nam a diinga hing lou a shi mai diing khu iitna thupi in ila uhi. Adihna themkhat vang um nanleh dihkim kasa sih hi. I nampi'n i shisan uh adeipen hilou in i damsung ua i silbawlte uleh i nasepte uh adeizaw hi. Zou vontawi kichi khat phot ahun dungzui a shi diinga kipumpieh ngam (volunteer at the call of duty) ihi uhi. Hilezong Zou vontawite galneilou leh huhamloute ihi zieh un i nampi a diinga shi sangin i nampi a diinga hintheina khu a poimawzaw tham a, khantouna tawh zong a kinai mama hi. Nampi iit tahtah ihileh i teenkhawmpi Zou vontawite mama iitpai in annkhing tuibuuh kikhol in, nopni-daani in kinoppi-kidaapi in, panpi ngaite panpi lei nam iitna suhlatna ahizaw tham hi. Tulai in tami rhetoric pen a kihazah mama a, Zogam itt in Zomite iitlou, UZO iit in UZO mi-le-sate iitlou chite atamta hi.

Ngaina leh Tawndan Kepbitna: Heisung heisungah um leizong i ngaina uleh i tawndante uh i lungsim sung ua i mansah lou diing uh ahia, i tu-le-tate khang bana ahing khang sawnsawn diingte muthei diing leh theithei diinga laibu a bawl a, kam a zong genthaw a, zahthei ahina zousie a atamthei pen a zah diing ahoi hi. Custom leh Moral Culture ineite uh theisiem a, kepbit diing ahoi hi. I custom uh khu danbu (constitution) ahia, ahun ahun a siemphatna (amendment) bawl zelzel diing ahi hi. Tami custom khu heimun-heimun ah umta lei zong agam leh khantouna tawh kituoh a siemphatna bulpite'n abawl dungzui ua zah chiet diing ahi hi. Tam pen Zou ihina i lahsahna (demonstration) thupipen ahi hi. Zou shisan a pieng hi-ngal a Zou custom zangloute khu mimangthangte ahi uhi. I pienpi shisan khu i nam hina uh ahia, i custom uh khu i hina uh lahsahna ahi hi.

Culture ichi chiengin tami china chet/lien ahi chithei aum sih hi. Culture pen kikhin kawikawi, ahun ahun a deidan leh peidan genna in akizang zaw hi. Khanglui lai in tangvalte khu "Haam" ah ana gieh ua, tua khu "Haam culture" zong chithei ahipai a, nungah leh tangvalte a kihel chieng ua nungahte'n a tangvalte uh sam atumsah uleh azu-asa alup zousie uzong tuahun laia (Contemporary) diinga "Romantic (classical) culture" a kichithei kia veve hi. Tuhun chiengin thau tawi a thau thahatna tawh mite soisa, sum ngen, etc. chite khu "Gun culture" a kichi kia veve hi. Tuaziehin, culture ichi penin mong aneisih china ahimai hi. Moral culture ichi chiengun "Sielephatheina a tawndan" chilei a kituoh pen diingin ka gingta a, a lelang ah "Umdanhoi leh umdanhoiloute tawndan" chilei zong ahithei kawikawi hi.

Khangluite apat a inga/luosawn pen uh moral tradition chilei adih kia diing hi. Moral tradition tawh kisai in Zou vontawite'n kepbit diing tampi inei uhi. Khangluite apat a ina luosawn uh (moral tradition) - Gamtat-khoheidan kilawm, ham-le-paudan kilawm, Lungsim putdan kilawm, Hawmsiemdan leh tha-le-zung piehdan kilawm chite i Zou community sungah a mangthang hiei-hieita hi. Upate zatatna chite, Nu-le-pa zatatna leh thumanna chite, Meithai-taga panpina chite, Zin-le-leeng idou siemna chite, Sa tuituoh-nga tuituoh inei nia insah innhang ahiei i-u-inau kikhol chite khu moral tradition ahi uhi. Tam banga moral tradition ineisa uh mangthangsah lou a hoitah zahsiem diing khu Zou nampi gilkielna ahia, Zou vontawite a diinga hin ngamna kachi pen ahi hi.


Laimal Sangin Hamzah leh Laigeldan Poimawzaw: Kei ngaidan in Zo leh Zou ah bangma buoina aum in kathei sih a, gamkuom khat in spelling a zahdan hizaw in kathei hi. India langate'n ZOU chia a kigel vangun Hindi-te china ahisih a, English-te china zong ahi dieh sih a, Arab-te china zong ahidieh sih hi. Tuama bangin Burma langate'n ZO chia agel vangun Japan-te china ahisih a, Korea-te china zong ahisam sih a, British-te china zong ahituomsih hi. Tuaziehin, ZO ichi ua, ZOU ichi zong un, "Eiteng khawlkhawm, atuom umlou, vannuoi chipeu Khul a pieng, Tuunsung khat pan pieng hi ngei ngei ee. Tuunsung khat pan pieng hi ngei ngei ee, Suopi sanggam laigui zawngkhawm hi ngei ngei ee" te china ahi veve hi. Tami pen "dihsih-dihmah" chia ibuoi laisie i maban kisem theilou diing abang hi. Eh, kisem theilou diing bang hi maimai lou in kisem theilou tahtah diing ahi hi. "O" ahiei "OU" in Zou hina khensat hilou in i laigui in i Zou hina a khensat ahizaw hi. Zou laigui aw nahi a, Zou shisan a pieng nahileh "O" leh "OU" zang in zang sih lechin zong na na suon-le-haah suina chii (DNA) khu ZOU or ZO ahi veve hi. "O" leh "OU" zat leh zatlou zieh a ZOU hina mang diing chipen pasal khat in toka pawl ateen zieh ahiei, numei khat in niih san penpom khat a teen zieh a Zo/Zou ahina apat a nawsuoh diing tawh kibang kasa lel hi.

Tuasanga thupizaw ahileh hamzahdan ahi in kamu hi. India langa Zoham dihloute - Politics (Kumpivai/politics), Kaam (sepna/job), chalak (zuou/lie), Gohori (???/Watch), Rel (Meileng/Train), Post Office (Laihah inn/zum), etc. chite ahi hi. Burma langa Zoham dihloute ahileh Nainganyi (Kumpivai/Politics), Batayi (Biehnavai/Religion), Padenpauh (Tollet/window), Tapidaw (Gingtute/believers), Senpi (Hoi/Good or OK), Sai (Vanzuahna/Store), etc. chite ahi hi. Zou chiet chiet ihi vangin India leh Burma langate i houlim chiengun hamzah kithei zoulou atamta mama hi. India langate'n, "Burma langate'n Kawlham (Burmese) tawh mehpawl siengta" uh ichi ua, Burma langate'n lah, "India langate'n Kalaham (Hindi) tawh mehpawl siengta" ang chi veve uhi. Tamdan hi zengzung ahia, hoitah leh standard wording or vocabulary inei uh a kisam mamata hi. Tami thu i buoipi sih uleh tu'n chikhat namkhat hi in, laigui zawngkhawm hinanlei khatvei chieng in i houlim thei nawnsih diing uh abahna khat um kasa hi. Tuaziehin, spelling vai in buoibuoi nawnlou in ihamte uh sawpsieng/seepchiil phot pouma lei hoiva chi khu ka ngaidan ahi hi.

Centralized Zou Literature Society: Centralized Zou Literature Society nei in i spelling zahdan tawh laibu sun lei India langa Zou hiin Burma langa Zo hitaleh isimthei chiet diingun ka gingta hi. Aziehpen i buoina uh alphabet (laimal) O/OU leh C/CH ahia, dipthong (vowel ni kigawm) IA/IE leh UA/UO ahi hi. Tamte pen theila diing aum sih a, i kitheisah nuomsih uh chi manthu ahilel hi. "Zo" chilei zong isimthei ua, "Zou" chilei zong isimthei veve ua, a khietna (meaning) zong itheimaw sih uhi. "Siengthou" chi'n "siangthou" chilei zong a isimthei ban uah a khietna (meaning) khu "clean/holy" china ahi chi theimaw diing aum tuonsih hi. Tuasanga isimthei vang ua a khietna itheilou diing uh India langate'n Kaam, Chalak, Rel, etc. chite leh Burma langate'n Nainganyi, Batayi, Lumuhyi, Sai, Senpi, etc. chite ahizaw hi. Tuaziehin, laibu bawltu in a spelling deidan pen azah a, laikhetna/laisutna khawlpi a sut a, India leh Burma a Zou vontawite umna zousie a hawmzah leh zah diing hileh guolnua-guolma ipha theizaw diing uhi. Alphabet, vowel leh consonant izahdan a i buoinate pen Centralized Zou Literature Society a diinga buoipi nina (stage two) diing ahia, buoipi diing khatna a buoi masalou a anina a buoite khu lou vat nailou a taangbuuh/annbuuh bawl masate tawh kibang kasa hi. I taangbuuh let leh neu dana i lou i let leh nau sah diing hilou in i lou a ann laahdan dungzui a i taangbuuh i bawl diing ahizaw hi.

Zou Laigeldan Dih: Laigeldan dih i poimaw mama uhi. Gelthei hitana chia thuteng khat (one word) khat pen a lawdan (syllable) a thuteng khat khat a gel zong adih sih a, thuteng ni-le-thum gawmkhawm zengzung zong adih dieh sih hi. Etsahna: "Siengthou" chi khu "Holy" china ahia, adjective (Noun hilchientu) ahi hi. "Sienthouna" khu "Holiness" china ahia, noun ahi hi. "Sieng thou" chia gel diing ahisih a, "Sien thou na" chia gel diing zong ahi dieh sih hi. Adjective a "Holy" chia kigiel pen noun ang hi chiengin "Holiness" chi'n "y" tangin "i" in ang kihengta hi. Tuamabangin Zoham ah zong "Siengthou" khu "Siengthouna" hilou in "Sienthouna" chi'n ang kigielta hi. Parts of speech in i spelling zahdan a heng lamdang tuom mama hi. Etsahna: "Khuo" chi pen "Khuopi" chi'n a kigiel nawnsih hi. English a "village" leh "city" chia thumal tuomtuom a kikhen vangin Zoham ah "Khopi" khu adjective "pi" ziehin nuon ang suoh theina diingin "Khopi" chi'n a kigiel hi. Tualeh ham nupa (word paring) zahdan ah i khiel mun mama uhi. Etsahna: "Nu-le-pa" khu "Parent" ahia, "Nu leh Pa" khu "Mother and Father" or "Father and mother" china ahi hi. "Khuo-le-tui" khu "Villager" ahia, "Khuo leh tui" khu "village and water" china ahizel hi. Tuaziehin ham nupa zahdan ah zong pilvan angai mama hi. Tualeh, ahunlou-ahailou a punctuation mark te zong zah zengzung diing zong ahisih hi.

Tualeh, English-te'n aneilou uh Zokam a i hausatna mama khat uh aum hi. Tuate khu adjective or adverb hilchientu ahi uhi. Englsih-te'n noun leh verb hilchientu (adjective and adverb) chilou adang anei sih ua, eite'n verb leh noun hilchientu banah adverb leh adjective hilchientu zong inei nalai uhi. Tam pen Zokam thupina (Zokam special) ahi hi. Etsahna: "Siengthou" chi khu English ah "Holy" china ahia, adjective ahi hi. Adjective khu noun khat tawh hing kizawh hamtang diing ahia, "Holy Land" (Gam siengthou) china ahia, Holy (adj.) + Land (noun) ahi hi. Zokam in gen uong nalai diing chilei adjective hilchientu khat "Sitset" chi zang talei Zokam ah adih nalai a, "Gam Siengthou" chi sang bangin "Gam Siengthou sitset" chilei agen ut pen kilawmtah leh nasetah in a genchieng zaw tham tham hi. Tuaziehin, sitset, singseng, siasua, zengzung, lialua, pempawm, kelkul, em-awm, the-thu, hiauhuau, lihleh, chitchet, ngia-ngua, helhul, etc. chite khu izahdan dungzui a adverb leh adjective hilchientu ahi nalai a, ham dangte'n ahau lou or anei lou uh Zokam special ahimai hi. Tambanga adverb leh adjective hilchiente igel chiengun ahitheitan in kimat a gel diing ahia, a sim hamsate hyphen khat koi lei asim anuom mai diing hi. Zou laigeldan dih pen ka buoipi laitah ahia, tamtengah a unpi'n ata zou sih diinga, tamtan i chiphot diing uhi.

Thuzawna: English-te'n a spelling uah kitheisiemlouna nei uleh tuni'n English ham khu leitung pumpi'n azah diing ka gingta sih hi. Aziehpen, English ham khu leitung pumpia a kithei vangin ham kizang tampen khu Chinese-te ham "Mandarin" ana hi laizang hi. English khu a kizang tampen ahilou vangin a kithei tampen ana hikia veve hi. United Kingdom-te'n "Colour" chia agel zieh ua a spelling dih ahipai sih a, United States te'n "Color" chia agel vangun a koima'n, "Nou US te spelling zahdan dih sih, English ham hisih" achi tuonsih uhi. India a Zou vontawite leh Burma a Zo vontawite kigawmtheina leh sepkhawm thei masapen diing khu Zou Literature Society (shall I say Centralized Zou Literature Society?) in kamu hi. Spelling a i buoi zing leh koima a ngiem nuom sih diinga "Chithah nupate tangthu" kigente bangin a sangzaw kitu in vanthamzawl ah i mangtang giap diing uhi. I Lai Siengthoute, Laabute, Sunday school simmunte, news and journal-te, magazine leh souvenir-te, sangnaupangte laibute, etc. i bawlkhawm ua i gelkhawm uh ahunta hi. India langa Zou vontawi 22,000 tuom umte leh Burma langa Zo vontawi 61,000 tuom umte kigawm lei 83,000 tuom ipha uhi. Munkhat a i teenkhawm theilou vangun laibu khat tawikhawm theilei i laibu bawlna leh zuahna zong ang phatuom mama diinga, lailam ah zong khantouna leh masawnna inei mama nalai diing hi. Tambangin pankhawm theina diing lampi khat hing kihong masa photphot leh aban a diingte'n aban-banin ang zui mai diing uhi. Kigawm leh pankhawm theina diinga step khatna diingin literature leh mass media (thu leh laa kipiehtuona) sanga thaneizaw leh silbawltheizaw tutadi in ka mu naisih hi. I kaal ua tuipi um pen kaantan theina diing lei kidaw leh vaikhat maimai a luigaal kanna a zah diing hilou in vai tampi bawlna diinga zahthei ahing hita diing hi. Pankhawmna diing atam mama hi. Sum-le-paai a pankhawmna diingte, chi-le-nam vai a pankhawmna diingte, gal-le-sa nei chienga pankhawmna diingte khu aban-bana hing umtou thei diingte ahi uhi. Tamte kamu chiengin ka lungdam mama a, i kigawm ua, tuibanga i luonkhawm hun diinguh ka ngahla mama hi.

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Ref:
1. http://www.krysstal.com/spoken.html
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zou_people_(India)

UZO President & Singngat A/C MLA

Polar Bear leh Penguin:

UZO President leh 60 Singngat A/C MLA

Mr. Khai Minthang

Thupatna: Polar Bear kichi pen North Pole a um ahia, Penguin pen South Pole a um ahi hi. Vuagam tuoh a um hinan uleh a kimu ngaisih ua, zong a teengkhawm sih uhi. Tuamabanga UZO President leh Singngat MLA igawmkhawm sawm chiengun Society leh Politics gawmkawm isuoh ua, North Pole leh South Pole a ganhingte sutuo ibang uhi. Singngat A/C a MLA ching penpen in UZO President ahi diing ichi uleh namdangte MLA hing ching penpente zong posahlei ahoi mai diing abang hi.

60 Singngat Assembly Constituency a ding diingin UZO President sese support angai sih a, UZO sunga gam leh nam iit mama, a Constituency sunga mi khat support diing ahizaw hi. Tuahileh 60 Singngat A/C khu a gampieng (native) te’n kumpi masangah a represent thei tahtah pan diing uhi.

UZO President: United Zomi Organization pen Zou nampi lutang (President) ahiziehin 60 Singngat A/C sunga Zou vontawite maimai hilou in Assembly Constituency tuomtuom a Zomite zousie lutang ahi hi. Tuaziehin, UZO President khu social leader ahia, MLA ang hi chiengin political leader ahia, tuategel ang kopkhawm chiengin a Zou vontawite sungah thu anei mamata hi. UZO President diingin Zou vontawite iit leh huoisiem a kisap lai in MLA hina diingin Zou vontawite iit leh huoisiem ngai sese lou in vote mutam diing a kisam zaw hi.

Tam tegel mi khatin ang tuuhkhawm chiengin Zou vontawite lengpa (King/Emperor) abanga, ama chilou koima’n thu aneithei tasih a, nampi a diingin buoina a piengzel hi. A social subject (chipi nampite) leh political subject (A MLA biel a mite) a kituoh diinguh a hamsa zing a, tuabang ang hi chiengin touna ni semthei lou (Can't serve two masters) in buoina ngen in adim a, (Mauna mauna mauna ngen hi...Zo Paupu) a langni in a buoi a, mipite'n a thuohlaw vadiang uhi. Kipawlkhawmna ahiei, kumpi vaihawmna khat photphot ah mi khatin ama khuta thuneina zousie ang nei chiengin Dictatorship a kichi a, "checks and balance" a kibawlthei tasih hi. Checks and balance khu Separation of Powers zong a kichi a, thuneina pen atuomtuom a hawmkhen diing china ahi hi. Tuahileh mikhat thu maimai in vai zousie apeithei sih hi. President pa'n thu ang nei seng chiengin a vaihawmpite’n (legislatures) a paikhe thei ua, tuama bangin President pa’n zong vaihawmte vaihawmdan a nielthei hi. Tambanga thuneina a ki hawmkhen (Separation of Power) chiengin vaihawmna khat phot apei hoizaw a, mipi vaihawmna (democracy) zong ahizaw hi. Tuhun chiengin President teeldan etphat huoi abangta hi. Electoral vote sangin popular vote in kiteel thei talei achi huoita hi.

60 Singngat Assembly Constituency: 60 Singngat Assembly Constituency pen kumpite’n kiteelna tawh kisaia gam ahawm khendan ahia, UZO tawh chinvom chie khat zong kisaina aneisih hi. Singngat A/C MLA pa/nu khu Singngat A/C mite - Zou, Paite, Thadou, Simte, Vaiphei, Mizo, etc. a ahia, UZO a ahi kawi sih hi. UZO represent hilou in Singngat A/C te represent hizaw ahiziehin UZO mi Singngat A/C sunga umlou khat sangin tua gamning khata teeng bawng khawite (Nepali te) khat, Singngat A/C a vote khe khat a ahizaw hi. Tuama bangin gamdang khat in Singngat A/C sunga MLA ang ki candidate sangin gam ning khata teng koima theiphahlou khatin MLA ki candidate leh a hoizaw nalai hi.

Singngat A/C sungah voter te enlei ataangpi Zou, Paite leh Thadou ahi hi. A ratio vang thei lien sih lengzong 4:2:2 ahi de-aw kachi hi. Zotate hoitah leh kituoh taha vote ikhiet chiengun noptah in a kiching zou den hi. Hilezong, candidate tampi idin chieng ahiei dialectal accent - Khodai leh Thankgkhal (Thangkhal & Non-Thangkhal) a ihing kikhen chiengun nam dang khat phot phot in lam-etna (chance) ang neita ua, a keehkhie te tawh ang kipawl chiengun Zou vontawite’n i hatna (strong hold) uh i mangsah vadiang zel uhi. Tambang ang um chiengin a keehkhete hiin a umnalaite hitaleh bangma phattuomna inei sih ua, a keehkhete zong amau maimai un lah ding zoulou ahiziehun kipawlna (alliance) ang bawl uh angai a, tuanah sabah lienzaw (lion’s share) atang ngai tuomsih uhi. Tuaziehin, i kigawm ua, free and fair election aum pouleh Singngat A/C khu ei a ahia, i kikhen leh i innsung uh a ding zou ngai sih diing hi.

Khuongnung, Thangkhal, Haidawi leh Khodai khu accent ahia, nampi (tribe) ahi ngaisih a, zong ahisih diing hi. A khenkhe nuomten Khuongnung + Thangkhal + Haidawi + Khodai = ??? chiin 1+1+1+1=4 achi ua, hilezong eite pen a kigawmkhawm (+) hilou in a kikhen theilou sakhat (x) ihizaw ua, Khuongnung x Thangkhal x Haidawi x Khodai = Zo/Zou; 1x1x1x1=1 ihizaw uhi. Tampen Zou vontawite sunga hamzah tuomtuomte umdan tahtah ahi hi. Innsung khat a Nu-le-pa leh tate aum ua, innkuon mi 5 mi 6 aphah vangun innkuon khat ahi uhi. Tampen Nu 1 + Pa 1 + tate 3 = mihing 5 ahia, Nu 1 x Pa 1 x Ta 1na x Ta 2na x Ta 3na = Innkuon khat ahi hi. Tuabanah eite (Zou vontawite) khu accent tuomtuom in kikhen lei zong 1+1+1+1=4 (Conventional/Artificial unity) hilou in 1x1x1x1=1 (organic unity) ihizaw uhi.

60 Singngat A/C leh UZO Support: Tam pen pilvangtah leh hoitah a ngaisut detdet ahoi diing hi. A constituency sunga pieng ahilou tawp in zong a constituency sunga kum 5 tan teitei tengsa hileh ahoi beeh diing hi. A constituency sunga mi umna gige a constituency danga te pou UZO GHQ in support pieh a, Singngat block a UZO te’n tua UZO GHQ support pieh pen ana support diing ua lam-et pen ahoi bukim zou tahtah sih hi. Singngat A/C ate Singngat Block UZO in mawpuo henlen, Henglep A/C, Saikawt A/C, Churachandpur A/C ate’n zong eima A/C chiet ah UZO support diing ngaisun lei ahoi diinga, zong a kilawm mama diing hi.

Singngat A/C khu constituency khat a diinga Zomite tamna pen hi diingin gintat ahuoi hi. Tuaziehin tami constituency sunga thu piangte’n amau hinna ah thugen tampi anei ziehin UZO President in ahina uh bangchih hun tenga atheipi angai hi. Singngat a thu piengte MLA te’n UZO deibang in a enkol in a vaihawm na uoi chi khu UZO President mawphuohna ahiziehin Separation of Power a poi maw mama hi. Tambanga Separation of Power (checks and balance) ang umlou chiengin MLA hina tawh UZO President ang hi kia sawn sawn chiengun 60 Singngat A/C sunga Zou vontawite a diingin kumpi ang bangta ua, mipite’n thuneina themkhat zong a kinei sih hi.

Thuzawna: Hun bangtan amakhat apat in UZO President leh Singngat Assembly Constituency pen a kizop/kisamkai danin ina ngaisut ua, tua ngaidan tuta’n atheng thei tahtah naisih hi. Tamna diingin Zou lamkai tampite’n 60 Singngat Assembly Constituency a Members of Legislative Assembly (MLA) hina diinga kalbi khatna khu UZO President hi masah phot diing chidan ngaidan nei in Zou nampi iit tahtah themkhat leh iit kinei tampi’n UZO sung ana thelthang sah uhi. Tam pen bangchih huna dih ngailou diing leh amawl pen in zong niel guollou a athei ahia, laisiem-na leh pilna sangtah nei sese ngailou in ngaidan taangpi (common sense) a theithei ahi hi. Bangbang formula, procedure, phenomenon, axiom, etc. izang zongin adih ngaisih diing hi. Tam pen UZO administrative failure ahia, mipite’n lamkaite amuonna zuahmangna (betrayal) ahi hi.

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Ref.
http://ceomanipur.nic.in/ElectoralRolls2008/60Singhat.htm

American Election, 2008

You Decide 2008
American Election Apat a Eite Zilthei Di`ng

Mr. Khai Minthang

Oxford, Mississippi

Introduction: America te’n kum li danin General Election anei zel ua, tutung a anei di`ng pen uh 2008 a kinei diing leh 2009 chienga diinga a Commander-in-Chief teel di`ng ahita uhi. April 30, 1789 in George Washington in American President masapen hina ana la a, America te khangthu ah George Washington khu America mukhetu (Founder of America) achi ua, a President 16 na uh Abraham Lincoln khu America Hundamtu (Savior of America) achi uhi. President dang dangte'n thupina leh vangletna tuom chiet nei nan uleh tam tegel banga thupi leh vanglien di`ng koimata ana um naisih hi. Tutung President a hing kiteel penpen a 44 na di`ng ahita hi. Aleh, bangzieh mawng mawng a American president kituna tambanga ki thupi ngaituo leh leitung pumpi'n a theiphah ahiei chite i en di`ng ua, American politics leh Zogam politics i etkaah di`ng uhi.

Bi-Party System: America ah political party pen bi-party chi'n dan umsih lezong party lien ni in a kikhen ua, tuate khu Democratic leh Republican party ahi uhi. Independent party zong a umthou a, hilezong a thahat ngai sih hi. Democratic te khu Blue Party zong a kichi ua, Republican te khu Red Party zong a kichi ua, Grand Old Party (GOP) zong a kichi uhi. Democratic Party symbol khu Sabiltung ahia, Republican Party te symbol khu Saipi ahi hi. Bi-Party system ahi ziehin a party tuohtuoh uapat in presidential nominee di`ng nomination paper ang file ua, ama uh party sung tuoh uah ang ki seepchi`l ua, debate, interview, fund raise leh adang dangte ang bawl ua, Presidential election term kum ang hi chiengin amau lang tuoh in Primary election ang nei uhi. Tuanah a party tuoh uah mitallang mi bangzat ahiei khat te'n nomination paper ang pie ua, tuana patin Primary ang panta uhi. Debate, interview, speeches, fund raise, etc. chite ang panpai zung zung ua, a state a state ah amau party nominee di`nga kitute teelna anei uhi. Tam huna popular vote khete pen Democratic or Republican (GOP) Primary caucuses achi uhi. Primary ang nei toutou utawh kizui in a hatlou deute ang ki zutkia zelzel in a a hat te'n ma ang sawntou zel ua, a benchmark a tun masangun state tuomtuom ah campaign bawl kawikawi in gamsah, gamhang, gamdung gamvai satna'n a kinei hehu mai uhi.

Tulaitah in Democratic nominee ngana di`ngin 2,025 deligates neizou angai a, Republican nominee ngana di`ngin 1,191 deligates angai hi. Tam pen a state tawh kituoh a Party te'n deligate a piehza uh ahi hi. Tami lai kagel tanin Republican te langah Senator John McCain in deligate 1,191 poimaw lah ah 1,334 a neita a, Republican National Convention nei naisih ulezong Republican nominee chingsa chithei ahita hi. Republic National Convention pen September 01 - 04, 2008 chiengin St. Paul, Menissota ah anei di`ng ua, tuanah popular vote a ching leh deligate neitampen a namdet di`ngua, tuana patin Republican party nominee ang hita di`ng hi. Tuama bangin Democratic Party te'n zong The 2008 Democratic National Convention kichi August 25 - 28, 2008 sung Denver, Colorado ah ang nei di`ng ua, tuanah a party nominee di`ng uh namdetna ang neita di`n uhi. Democratic Party nominee ngana di`nga 2,025 kisam lah ah tulaitah in Senator Barack Obama in deligate 1617 nei in, Senator Hillary Clinton in deligate 1498 anei a, a kidinte mama uhi.(1) Tuachiin, a National Convention zou zou chiengun a party nominee tegel un straight fight ang panta ua, debate mun tuomtuom ah ang nei di`ng ua, fund raise ang bawl zom zel di`ng ua, a propoganda tuomtuomte uleh a plan tuomtuomte uh America gamsung pumpi ah ang zuakhie uhi. Tu kum in November 04, 2008 chiengin Presidential election ang neita di`ng uhi.

Bang Di`nga American President Kiteelna Hichi Thupi Ahiei?: Leitung pumpi'a thuneipen American President pa a kichi hi. Laisim tampite'n zong a thupidan athei ua, hilezong bang tenga thupi leh thunei ahiei chi vang hilchien di`ng hilei ithei zou tuon tahtah sih hi. Nidanglai a Greek te lallai, Roman te lallai chidan aum bangin tulaitah in United States of America pen leitung pumpia thupipen leh gam hausapen ahi hi. American President pa khu "America Lengpa" chia minvaw hisih lezong nidanglai Lengte ma bang phielin thuneina leh vangletna anei hi. Kumpi vaihawmna khat poupou President pa tawnlou in bangma a peisih hi.
Mipi vaihawmna peidan (Democratic system) ah zong ah 'Presidential government' leh 'Parliamentary government' aum zing hi.(2) India khu Parliamentary ahia, United States khu Presidential ahi hi. Perliamentary system peidan a Union minister/Cabinet minister di`ngte khu MLA/MP a kiteel chingte hi sese di`ng chidan aum sih a, President pa/nu'n adei dandan a ateel ahia, Senate te'n aphasahpi zel uh ahi hi. President pa cabinet te mawpuohna thupipen te lah a khat ahileh a mawpuohna uleh a nasep uh tawh kisai chiet a President pan thu theinuom anei chienga President pa thuhil di`ng ahi hi.

Cabinet te khu Vice President pa leh executive department 15 a lutangte - the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs, and the Attorney General ahi uhi. President Bush nuoi ah the Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency; Director, Office of Management and Budget; the Director, National Drug Control Policy; and the U.S. Trade Representative leh White House Chief of Staff te Cabinet-level rank pieh ahi uhi.(3)

President pa thuneina themkhat envai ele:
1. Executive Power: President pa khu United States executive branch a di`ngin Chief executive ahia, dante ginumtah a zui ahina di`ng khu ama mawpuohna ahi hi. Tuana di`ngin galkap active duty mihing million khat simtha in executive branch a nasem mi million li te tunga thuneina pieh ahi hi. Tambanga mawpuohna aneite asep dan Legislative branch leh Judicial branch te'n a enkol ua, tuama bangin ama'n zong Legislative leh Judicial branch te mawpuohna leh nasepte zong a enkol hi. President pa'n office alut masangin nasepna mi 6,000 aguon thei a, office alut zou chiengin mi 8,000 aguon thei hi. Ambassadors, judges of the federal court system, members of the Cabinet, and federal officer dangdangte khu Senate te panpina leh theipina tawh simple majority in aguong zel hi. President pa'n ama Cabinet member di`ngte ama deibang bangin a guong zel a, tuate pen Senate te'n simple majority tawh a phasahpi zel uhi. Cabinet member ahiei, executive member hina di`ngin mipi vote a telching angai sese sih hi. A vaihawmna uh a kisuuhlou chiengun President pa'n a khawlsah thei hi.(4) President pa thuneina poimaw pente lah a khat ahileh galkap zousie (Air, Land and Water) a di`ngin President pa khu Commander-in-Chief ahi hi. Prize Cases, 67 U.S. at 635 in, "If a war be made by invasion of a foreign nation, the President is not only authorized but bound to resist force by force . . . without waiting for any special legislative authority" achi hi.(5) Tuachiin, President pa'n United States humbitna di`ngin galkap te kikoina leh galsatdan zousie ah mawpuohna anei hi. Gal hun ahiei nampi buoina hun chiengin Congress in President pa khut ah United States humbitna di`ingin national economy ama deidan a peipi theina tha apie hi. President pa'n United States sum zahdan di`ng (budget) a bawl a, Congress in a phasahpi zel hi.(6)

2. Legislative Power: President pa khu public policy ngaituo tu sangpen ahiziehin danbawlna tawh kisai in mawpuohna thupitah anei hi. Congress in a buoipi dante uh atamzaw executive branch te gelkhiet leh patkhiet ahi hi. President pa'n special messages leh kumtawp chiengin President pa'n poimaw di`nga a ngaisut dante khu Congress ah tahlang zel hi. Tamte lah a thupipen khu kumtawp chienga State of the Union Address ahi hi. Tuana Congress te join session masangah President pa'n a gam dinmun tahlang in, kum hing tung di`nga dan bawl leh ngaisut di`nga hoi asahte a tahlang zel hi. Tuabanga a tahlangte Congress in a ngaisah sih leh President pa'n special session hat theina di`ng thuneina anei hi. Tambang a Legislative power aneite banah President khu political part lutang ahibana United States a executive oficer lienpen ahiziehin mipite lungkimsah dan leh mipite tungtawn a Congress te thu ngaisutte a hatsah tuom thei mama hi. Tu hun chiengin Congress tawh na asepkhawm hoi theina di`ng gelna in President te'n Congressional Liaison Office khat White House ah aneita uhi. Tua muna sem President pa panpite'n dan kibawl di`ng poimawte zousie a entup ua, Political party ni tegel a Senator leh Representative te'n vaihawmna policy te a panpi theina di`nguh khu amau mawpuohna ahi hi.

US Congress in dan abawltha ahiei ahen lamdang chiengun a bill pen President pa khut ah atunga, President pa'n adei sihleh a niel (veto) thei a, a bill ashi zel hi. Tambanga President pa'n bill a veto sa pen sethum suo se ni in a buohkhum (over-ride) thei a, tambang a over-ride atam sih hi. President pa'n a veto leh a bill pen legislator te khut atung kia a, a over-ride zou sih uleh a bill a President pa deisan a suh dih di`ngte suhdih zou chiengun President pa'n a sign a law ang suoh hi. A suhdih ngap nawnsih uleh a bill pen ashi ahimai hi.(7)

3. Judicial Power: President pa'n federal judge te nominate theina di`ng thuneina anei hi. Hilezong, a nominate te khu Senate in a phasahpi di`nguh ahi ziehin khatvei tengin President pa'n ama ngaidan tawh kituoh a supreme court ang bawl sawm chiengin buoina lienpi atut thei zel hi. Impeachment case chilou in President pa'n federal dan kal a mawna bawl mikhat phot ngaidam sieng ahiei athu zila ngaidam theina anei a, suongkul tangte hun suhtomsah leh gawtna piehdan a neemsah theina thuneina anei hi.

4. Foreign affairs: Danbupi nuoi ah, President pa khu gamdang te tawh kitanauna bawl di`nga

United States thata`nga guot ahi hi. President pa'n ambassador te, minister te leh consulate te Senate te phasahpi na tawh aguong hi. Tuama bangin gamdang palaite zong ama'n ana vaidawn hi. Secretary of States tawh kithuo in President pa'n gamdang kumpite tawh kithuzahtuona anei a, gamdang phahna leh vena zong anei zel hi.

Secretary of State leh Department of Defence te tawh kithuo in President pa'n America gamsung a gamdangmi umte leh gamdanga America mi umte humbitna di`ngin mawpuohna anei hi. Gam dangte zalenna, kumpi dan theipina leh gamdangte tawh lemna suoi kaina di`ngin President pa'n khensatna anei a, Senate te sethum suo se ni in phalsahna anei zou chiengun bawllou theilou ang suoh zel hi.



Abangteng hileh, tutung election tawh kisai in ……… Aban sutzom di`ng…

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Abang teng hileh tutung American Presidential election tawh kisai in eite'n i phattuompi di`ng uh bangchi bang aum ei chi envai:

1. Advertisement:

2. Fund Raise:

3. Debate:

4. Speeches:

5. Interview:
6. Endorsement:

7. Election:

8. Presidential Inauguration:

9. First 100 Days in the White House

10. Agent of Change


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References:
1. http://elections.foxnews.com/
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers
3. http://www.whitehouse.gov/government/cabinet.html
4. http://library.thinkquest.org/J0110221/USGovernment.html
5. http://www.usdoj.gov/olc/warpowers925.htm
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers_of_the_President_of_the_United_States
7. http://skyways.lib.ks.us/ksleg/KLRD/about/how_bill_law.pdf

America Ka Mudan In

AMERICA KA MUDAN IN

Mr. Khai Minthang

Florence, Kentucky

(Tami article khu March 09, 2004 a kagel ahia, Florence, Kentucky ka umlai a kagel ahi hi)

MYCA Voice simtute zousie United States apat in Pasian minin chibai hing bawl ing. Kei zong Pasian leh noute hing thumpi nate jiehin damzel ing. Zougam khutsuoh a kihi jiehin sil muthei, neehthei dawnthei, vanzah leh atuom tuomte zousie kei a diing in atha suoh nalai hi. Tuajiehin, USA ka mudan ST perspective in them khat kang gen nuom hi. Eh, ka thumal zah “ST perspective” chipen “Singtaangpa mudan apat in” china dan hi e!

1. AMERICA HAUSATNA:
(a) Ahau leh Azawngte: Ei lang bangin ahausate ha hau a hau, azawngte lah ha zawn a zawng in amul pou dihdih chite bangin aum sih hi. Ahausa mama leh leitung pumpia hausapen te ahina ua, tuate atawm thou diing uhi. Middle class atam pen diing hi.

(b) Gari leh Phone: America/the United States te khu a hausa mama uhi. Mimal in Car leh mobile phone (Cell phone) akinei chiet ua, mi inn a phone bawl chite aum sih a, mi inn a phone ngah chite zong aum sih hi. Ka tun chillai in gari tamdan leh mimal in aneidan uh kagenzouta a, tu’n them hat genkia lei - gari starring pen veiling ah aum a, gari hehte pen veiling a tou uh china ahi hi. Apoimaw na tawh kituoh chet a zahdia kibawl gari a nei uhi. Etsahna diing in vanpo diing gari khu vanpo mel a siem ahia, ei langa TATA/SAKTIMAN vanpo diinga kisiemte’n passenger apuoh dandeu un USA ah aum sih hi. Amau garite khu ‘Purpose serving vehicle’ kichi leh a kilawm pen diing hi. Town bus/City bus chite zong anei na ua, tuate a tuong diing mi aum kholsih hi. Kholai dunga kenga kholai vah chite mu diing umlou ahi. Tualeh, ei langa “Blue Hill” chi dandeu a Inter-state bus anei ua, tuate a ituon khah leh kisuonla a huoi mama hi. Mi neiladeute tuonna dan a angaituo uh ahi. Amau mimal gari leh vanleeng a zang tangpi uhi. Eilanga lah Blue Hill a tuong theite leh tuong zoute pen a “Gorom sim“ dan khat a kikoi chi vuo! Tualeh, lampite zong ahoithei mama hi. Singtaang lampi hi’n phaijang lampite khu pucca road ahi hi. Alampi uzong puozou mama uh!

(c ) Credit Card: Van zuah leh lei thu ah khangtou mama ua, Credit Card in van a kilei a, Credit Card machine zangin vanzuate’n zong azuah uhi. Sum tang/ sum dal (note) mu diing atam seng sih hi. Credit Card pen ei langa name card/address card chie vel apha a, asum umza za tua sunga Computer in athu a akoi chi diingdan ahi. Tuapen a machine a a tat chiengun a machine in athu a kikoi pen akoina Bank apat in tua van zuahte machine a athu ma in akoi kia a, asum tang ut hun hun chienga suo thei ahi hi. A sumtang suona machine zong anei ua, tua machine a atat chiengun asum deiza uh a number ameh ua, a Credit Card sunga um ahileh ala thei uhi. Credit Card a um sanga tamzaw lahthei vang hisih e.

(d) Neeh leh taah leh sil leh teen: Gam hausa chi tah neeh leh taah leh sil leh teen vang anieng den mai hi. Unau Kawlgam Zomite America a umte’n ‘Khatvei vei neek diing tamlua, khatvei vei silh diing tamlua; Ahihzong Topa hoihna lian semsem” chi ek sam uh ei. Tam laa ka lungsim a ang kilah chiengin America te hausatna leh a hausat dan uh ka lungsim ah ang kilang zel zel hi. Khopi tengah gam tuomtuomte vanzuahna aum a, tuanah agam tawh kituoh in van muthei ahi hi. Etsahna diing in; ‘Oriental store’ chite ah Asia a kine leh kizang vante bang aum a, neeh lampang ah ling-ui, lengmasel, gotuoi tanpha a kimu ahi leuleu hi. Indian store zong atam tham mama a, tuanah India tawh kisai a vanzahte muthei ahi hi.

2. TAX of 6%:
America gam khu “Land of Tax” chi theimai diingdan ahi. Sil lei leh zuah khatphot tax ki-sung chitchiet ahi hi. A national average danin 6% ala uhi. Zakha lah a guh pen agam solkal a china ahi vahiau hi. Tuisih noukhat nangawn tax kipie a valong khu! Tax te pen mi zawng leh mi gentheite, sangnaupang-te, galkapte, leh adang dangte kipie ahi hi. Vanleite kunga $10.00 mante $10.60 achi un, athei siem sih ua ‘$ 10.00 man diing hilou maw?‘ chia ang doh kia uleh ‘With the tax’ (‘A tax tawh’) achi uleh vanleite‘n, “Aw, aw, aw, I’m sorry!” achi mai uhi.

3. DAN LEH HUN AJUIDAN UH:
Sil tengah dan leh hun ahimai hi. Dan a ngaisang mama ua, ahaute tunga dan umlou in a zawngte tunga dan kizang chite vang aum hetsih hi. A President pa un zong athugen chienga azah mun mama “I believe in personal liberty” chi khu a ngaisang mama uhi. Koima ki-nuoinet leh simmaw chite umlou ahi hi. Zawng in, mawlawm in, bang bang tawp lezong mimal zalenna (Personal liberty) anei chiet uhi. Eilanga meitui (SK Oil) hawm chienga a ‘He-man’ bangdeute tung masa in tung nukhia nan uleh atun hun hun ua alah thei hiau uh chi diing umlou ahi. A hawmte tawh kimelthei a mi masanga kipieh theina lampi umlou ahi hi. Vanzuah ihi leh vanlei diinga hingpeite amasapen taikan a anina, athumna chite ngaisah nai hetlou diing ahi. Na ngaisah masah leh Court a hing kiheh thei ahia, thong lut theina khat ahi hi. India a ‘Havai me ne ut I ?' ichi bangin USA a ‘Thong lut nuom I?’ chi sangin ‘Basket-ball kimawl nuom I ?’ (‘Do you wanna play basket-ball?‘) kichi zaw ahi. Court a natun khah a sum senna diing ahileh sum na seng thei a, sum senna lou diing pia a thapna (Bribe) koima’n ala sih hi. Sapte’n sil khat ang bawlpieh na diing ua ‘Ahluital a sante’ pieh ngai sese lou ahi.

Tualeh, hun a thupi ngai mama mai uhi. Program khat dah achiem uleh nualep malep chite umlou a kipan chet ahi hi. Dah khuza chiengin hing kimupi in/vang nachi a, ang chi ua, kachi leh ahidan chet a zui diing ahi hi. ‘Hagau thaw dandan’ chi’n kikhopna leh program a kibawl sih a, a kipat hun diing leh a tawp hun diing umsa a program ki-zang ahi hi. Nasepna khat phot ah ‘Break’ a kinei chiet a, tuana minute 5/10 chite na zekai leh adangte na tunga lungkim maw vevaw diing uh ata khu.

4. AGAM IIT DAN UH:
Agam pen uh iit tahtah pia a iit uh ahi hi. America te masangah America gam na gense theisih diing hi. Agen pen na gense thei diinga, na gensiet leh hing kimuda mai diing ahi. Galkapte bang a innmun ua neeh leh dawn leh sil leh teen te hengla lou a America galte kap tahtah diinga ki-pekhie uh ahi hi. Ei langa te’n zong zi anglum, taa anglum, innlum loulum taisan a galkap diinga ki-piehkhietna nei sam uh chi vuo. America-te kipieh khiet dan a I ki-piehkhiet leh ki-piehkhietlou vang apang te’n thei vai in, tuabanglou deu sum galkap pou ihi leh vang theizou sing! Mun tengah galkapte ki-enla chiet mah e guai… I etlana a ki-bang sih chi manthu hiven maw !!! Ei langate bangin tamlang ate mite’n ngaisang mah uh ei ! Eilang ngaisang dan tawh tamlangte ngaisang dan a kibang sih chi manthu ahi bou hi. Tamlanga ten ‘I gam adia kipumpieh pasal/numei phate’ achi un, ei langa te’n banga I ngaisang uh atai mah ???

Khatvei lang November 27, 2003, America-te a diinga ni poi maw mama khat “Thanksgiving Day” a a president pa uh George Bush Iraq a seppaite umna ava haw pen Opposition party te’n adem nasa mama ua, ademna uh khu kituoh chet sih nanleh tambang sim in ‘America leitang potu khat tuabang mun jauhuoi a na hinna nava ki-thangta shi lachin America in zumna atuoh didan ngaituo lou maw?’ chi dan pien in adem uhi. Bill Clinton numei a asuol lai in America-te’n a President pa uh dapina in kaa leh mauna’n hun azang uhi. Tambang khop a gam ngainate ahi uhi.

5. MINOR & MATURE STATUS:
Naupang kum 18 leh aney langte pen kumching nailou in a ngaituo ua, a Nu leh Pa etkawlna nuoi a um uh ahi hi. Amau pen piching danin Dan in apomsih hi. Zalenna tahtah anei naisih ua, ngaidam theina leh gawtna tampi anei nalai uhi. Amaute pen tepthei, muomthei, dawnthei abawl diinguh phal ahisih hi. Zatep leh zu khu mi piching (kum 18 leh atunga mite) adiing a phalsah ahi giap hi. Naupangte’n alei ua, atep ua, adawn uleh Dan tawh kituoh a gawt thei ahi uhi. Kum 18 anghi chiengun zalenna ang neita ua, mi piching a ngaituo ahita uhi. Ama leh ama kituodel zou, kikem zou, sie leh pha theina tawh ama lunglam sem diing in zalenna a kipeta hi. Tuachienga a free dandan pen uh gen a zong gentheilou ahita hi. A Nu a Pa sum azah pieh nawnsih ua, amau sum a kineita ua, sum a kilaw theita ua, alawzou uleh aleizoute uh amau minin a bawltheita uhi. Zu nenuom, sa nenuomte a diing in zong khawh nawnlou, Nungah/ Tangval ngainuomte hiin zinei nuom pasal nei nuomte a diing in zong a Pate’n a kham thei nawnsih uhi. Amau dei dandan a kihin uh ahita hi. Eilang dana nungah leh tangvaal Senior simta mama hilezong a Nu leh Pa um sihleh hing zou nailou diing chi danpien a um kholsih hi.

6. INDIA TAWH THEMKHAT TEKAAH VAI:
(1) Kum 15 apat atunglam Lai simthei leh gielthei : US - 97% India 59.5%

(2) Budget: US - revenues: $1.946 trillion. Expenditures: $2.052 trillion, including capital expenditures of NA (2002 est.)
India-revenues:$48.3billion. Expenditures: $78.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $14 (FY01/02 est.)

(3) Telephones - main lines in use: US - 194 million (1997) Telephones-mobile cellular: 69.209 million (1998)
India - 27.7 million (October 2000) Telephones - mobile cellular: 2.93 million (November 2000)

(4) Internet Service Providers (ISPs): US - 7,000 (2002 est.) Internet users: 165.75 million (2002)
India - 43 (2000) Internet users: 7 million (2002)

(5) Railways: US - total: 194,731 km mainline routes
India - total: 63,518 km (15,009 km electrified)

(6) Highways: US - total: 6,334,859 km
India - total: 3,319,644 km

(7) Waterways: US - 41,009 km India - 16,180 km

(8) Airports: US - 14,801 (2002)
India - 334 (2002)

(9) Heliports: US - 149 (2002)
India - 19 (2002)

(10) Military expenditures - dollar figure: US - $276.7 billion (FY99 est.) Military expenditures - percent of GDP:3.2% (FY99 est.)
India - $11.52 billion (FY02) Military expenditures - percent of GDP:2.3% (FY02)

THUZAWNA:
Tam I thugen teng pen kei mudan leh tutan a katheidan ahi hi. Achinglou leh aval zong a um maithei a, atheibete’n “Atheiloupi gen/Zuou gen” hing chilou in “Khai Minthang in America tamdan a mu ave maw” ana chi lel ulachin chi hing ngen nuom nalai ing. Adangte hun dang chienga diing in khet phot vai in, tunia diing in tamtan in tawp bawl phot vai. Simtu dei umtahte’n kisiemphatna leh thu theina diinga lah a, I hinkhuo utawh kituoh a um a, bulthei a umleh bulchiet leh phattuompi theina lampi aum khah leh china tawh kang gel ahi hi. Simtute teng teng Pasian in hing guolzawlta hen!